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Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nervous system

A

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from parts of the body

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2
Q

What is neuroscience

A

examination of structure and function of the nervous system

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3
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience

A

exploration of the relationship between the nervous system and behavior and learning

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4
Q

What is biopsychology another name for

A

behavioral neuroscience

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5
Q

What are characteristics of the nervous system

A

Complexity
integrated
adaptable
electrochemical

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6
Q

What does integrated mean in term of the nervous system

A

different levels and parts of the body all work together

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7
Q

What two systems does the nervous system consist of

A

The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

What components does the Central nervous system consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What components does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

Somatic division and the Autonomic division

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10
Q

What does the brain do for the body

A

It is the command center and major data processor

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11
Q

What does the spinal cord do for the body

A

Connects the brain to the body and has a spinal cord reflex

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12
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Somatic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory pathway and the motor pathway

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13
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

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14
Q

What common “action” does the sympathetic division have

A

fight or flight

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15
Q

What common “action” does the parasympathetic division have

A

heal and grow

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16
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

a long bundle of neurons

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17
Q

What components does the Peripheral Nervous System contain

A

Everything except the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Is the somatic division of the PNS voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

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19
Q

Is the autonomic division of the PNS voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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20
Q

What is the main job of the spinal cord/Central Nervous system

A

carry messages between the body and the brain

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21
Q

What is the spinal cord reflex

A

An action carried out by the CNS that is responsible for very fast and lifesaving reflexes

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22
Q

What functions does the medulla serve

A

Life-sustaining functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc)

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23
Q

What happens if the medulla is damaged

A

Death or life support

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24
Q

What function does the pons serve

A

plays a role in sleeping, dreaming, and coordination between the left and right side of the body

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25
Q

What happens if the pons is damaged

A

sleep disruption or a coma

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26
Q

What is the job of the thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information to direct it from lower areas to the correct part of the cortex

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27
Q

What is the job of the cerebellum

A

Assists in motor coordination (posture, movement, balance) and conditioned reflexes

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28
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged

A

Will be problems with automatic motor behavior (balance)

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29
Q

What does the reticular formation do

A

Plays a role in controlling arousal (enables it), helps filter information

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30
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

Nerve network through the brainstem and thalamus

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31
Q

What is the limbic system associated with

A

emotion, memory, and drive

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32
Q

What are the three parts of the limbic system

A

Hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala

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33
Q

What is the main job of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis (regulate the body’s internal state)

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34
Q

What is the main job of the hippocampus

A

formation and recall of long term memories

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35
Q

What is the main job of the amygdala

A

emotional awareness and expression

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36
Q

What is the largest part of the brain in humans

A

the cortex

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37
Q

What is the cortex

A

the outer covering of the brain that is made of densely packed neurons

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38
Q

What is the job of the cortex

A

involved in higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

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39
Q

What percentage of the brain’s weight does the cortex take up

A

85%

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40
Q

Why is the cortex wrinkled

A

Allows for a larger number to fit in a smaller space and more complicated connections between neurons

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41
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres

A

Two sections of the cortex that splits the brain into a right and left side

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42
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

thick band of neurons

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43
Q

What is the job of the corpus callosum

A

connects the right and left side of the brain for communication

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44
Q

What are the four lobes of the cortex

A

Frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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45
Q

Where is the motor cortex located in the brain

A

between the frontal and parietal lobes

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46
Q

What is the job of the motor cortex

A

command voluntary muscle movements

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47
Q

What is the occipital lobe in charge of

A

vision

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48
Q

What is the temporal lobe in charge of

A

hearing

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49
Q

What is the parietal lobe in charge of

A

processing and integrating sensory information (pain, touch, pressure, sensations, location in space, etc)

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50
Q

What is the frontal lobe in charge of

A

Higher mental processes and the production of fluent speech (intelligence, problem solving, personality, emotional control, etc)

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51
Q

What are the association areas of the cortex responsible for

A

coordination, interpretation of information, higher mental processes

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52
Q

What is aphasia

A

Brain based language/communication problem

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53
Q

Where does damage occur with Broca’s Aphasia

A

In the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area)

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54
Q

What is another name for Broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia

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55
Q

What occurs when someone has Broca’s aphasia

A

They can understand speech but can’t form fluent responses

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56
Q

Where does damage occur with Wernicke’s aphasia

A

in the left temporal lobe (Wernicke’s area)

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57
Q

What is another name for Wernicke’s aphasia

A

receptive aphasia

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58
Q

What occurs when someone has Wernicke’s aphasia

A

they can’t understand speech so they can’t produce meaningful responses

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59
Q

What causes spatial neglect

A

damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere

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60
Q

What occurs when someone has spatial neglect

A

they are unable to recognize objects or body parts in their left visual field

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61
Q

What causes prosopagnosia

A

damage to the right fusiform gyrus

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62
Q

What occurs when someone has prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize people’s faces

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63
Q

What side of the body does the left side of the brain control

A

right

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64
Q

What side of the body does the right side of the brain control

A

left

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65
Q

What is the left side of the brain in charge of

A

Spoken language, written language, logic, reasoning, numerical thinking

66
Q

What is the right side of the brain in charge of

A

emotional thinking, expression, spatial perception, processing of information globally

67
Q

what does the Somatic nervous system do

A

carries sensory information to the nervous system and controls voluntary skeletal muscles

68
Q

What does the sensory pathway consist of

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

69
Q

What is the job of the sensory pathway

A

carries sensory information from senses to CNS

70
Q

What does the motor pathway consist of

A

motor (efferent) neurons

71
Q

What is the job of the motor pathway

A

controlling the voluntary muscles

72
Q

What is Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

when motor neurons in the motor pathways start to deteriorate

73
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do

A

It keeps us alive (heart, digestion, breathing)

74
Q

what does the sympathetic division of the ANS do

A

fight or flight system that reacts to stressful events by directing resources for short term survival

75
Q

what does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do

A

It provides rest (calmness) and digestion (conservation of energy) in order to restore the body to normal functioning

76
Q

What happens if the parasympathetic division is activated for too long

A

It can cause health issues

77
Q

How can potential health issues from the parasympathetic division being activated for too long be resolved

A

through mindfulness exercises (yoga, meditation, etc)

78
Q

What are neurons

A

cells that process, receive, and send messages

79
Q

What is neuroplasticity

A

When mature (old) neurons take on new jobs in the body because they are unable to divide

80
Q

What is neurogenesis

A

The ability to make some new neurons

81
Q

how can neurogenesis be encouraged to occur

A

sleep, nutrition, exercise, non-stressful stimulation

82
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites
some
axon

83
Q

what happens at the dendrite

A

the message is detected

84
Q

what happens at the soma

A

cell body that keeps the cell alive

85
Q

what happens at the axon

A

tube-like structure that carries the message away

86
Q

how many axons does a neuron have

A

only 1

87
Q

What does a sensory neuron do

A

carries information from senses to CNS

88
Q

What is another name for sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

89
Q

what does a motor neuron do

A

carries messages from the CNS to muscles

90
Q

What is another name for motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

91
Q

what is the most common neuron in the brain

A

interneurons

92
Q

what do interneurons do

A

the connect and coordinate the sensory and motor neurons

93
Q

Are interneurons involved in the spinal cord reflex

A

yes

94
Q

what percentage of the brain do glial cells make up

A

90%

95
Q

what percentage of the brain do neurons make up

A

10%

96
Q

Five functions of glial cells

A
  1. provide support for neurons
  2. deliver nutrients to neurons
  3. clean up waste products/dead neurons
  4. help repair damage
  5. Production of myelin
97
Q

what is myelin

A

a fatty substance that coats axons to insulate, protect, and speed up impulses

98
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

the body attacks and disintegrates the myelin

99
Q

what happens in an electrical neural impulse

A

the message is sent from the dendrite to the axon within one cell

100
Q

What is the all or none property of generating messages within the neuron

A

It fires completely or not at all

101
Q

what happens in a chemical neural impulse

A

the message is sent from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another cell

102
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical used to pass the message onto the next cell

103
Q

how many neurotransmitters does a cell have

A

1

104
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been discovered so far

A

100+

105
Q

What is a synapse/synaptic gap

A

microscopic space between neurons (neurons don’t touch)

106
Q

what are receptor sites

A

holes in the surface of dendrites that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

107
Q

What are agonists

A

chemical compounds that increase the impact of a neurotransmitter

108
Q

What are antagonists

A

chemical compounds that decrease the impact of a neurotransmitter

109
Q

What is reuptake

A

a cell that sent the neurotransmitter out vacuums it up and puts it into the terminal button to be used for the next message (recycle and reuse)

110
Q

What is the most common form of synapse cleaning

A

reuptake

111
Q

what is enzyme action

A

synapses that have enzymes and destroy the neurotransmitter

112
Q

what is the fastest form of cleaning the synapse

A

enzyme action

113
Q

what is diffusion

A

some molecules drift away and stop having a function

114
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

the other communication system besides the nervous system (both are interconnected)

115
Q

What is the job of the endocrine system

A

contains glands that make hormones that travel through the bloodstream

116
Q

what is learning

A

relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience and creating the ability to profit from these experiences

117
Q

What are the three types of learning

A

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learning

118
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

when a new trigger causes an old response

119
Q

is classical conditioning automatic/involuntary or voluntary?

A

automatic/voluntary

120
Q

what is operant behavior

A

associating behavior with consequences (rewards/punishments)

121
Q

What is cognitive learning

A

Learning by watching (copying/observational learning/social learning)

122
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

123
Q

What did Pavlov discover in terms of classical conditioning

A

A new trigger/stimulus, after it becomes associated with a natural trigger, causes the old automatic response

124
Q

What are the four components to classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

125
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus

A

Natural trigger (original cause of the response)

126
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural effect based on the trigger

127
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

Learned trigger becomes associated with the Unconditioned stimulus (the new cause)

128
Q

Conditioned response

A

The learned effect with the same response but now for a new reason

129
Q

Tricks to understanding classical conditioning

A

a. Find the response (biological or emotional and happened automatically)

b. Now know CR and UR (most often)

c. Find the thing that ALWAYS made it happen (US)

d. Find the new thing making it happen (was neutral (CS))

130
Q

Classical conditioning principles

A

a. CS must come BEFORE US (order matters)

b. CS and US must come VERY CLOSE together – within seconds (timing matters)

c. CS (NS) and US must be paired several times – with some exceptions (repetition matters)

131
Q

What is counterconditioning

A

The ability to unlearn fears through classical conditioning

132
Q

who is considered to be the father of behaviorism

A

John Watson

133
Q

what is conditioned taste aversion

A

a negative biological response to a particular taste (after just one pairing)

134
Q

what is biological preparedness

A

when some things are learned easier due to potential survival value

135
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

learn a voluntary behavior due to its consequences

136
Q

What is thorndike’s law of effect

A

if an action brings a reward, then that action becomes stamped into the mind (behavior changes due to its consequences)

137
Q

What is skinners contribution to Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

if learning depends on what happens after the consequences, we can change behavior by manipulating consequences

138
Q

What is reinforcement

A

Making someone feel better afterwards

139
Q

What is punishment

A

making them feel worse afterwards

140
Q

Positive Reinforcement (positive R+)

A

add a good (ex: allowance, treats, etc)

141
Q

Negative reinforcement (Negative R+)

A

Take away a bad (Ex: aspirin removes a headache)

142
Q

positive punishment

A

add a bad (ex: spanking)

143
Q

negative punishment

A

take away a good (Ex: time out)

144
Q

What is another name for a negative punishment

A

punishment by removal

145
Q

what is another name for a positive punishment

A

punishment by application

146
Q

What is the process of shaping

A

breaking down a desired behavior into steps with successive approximations

147
Q

What is an instinctive drift

A

When animals may revert to genetically controlled patterns (which makes things harder to train compared to others)

148
Q

What is extinction

A

when a behavior stops if it is not positively reinforced

149
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

when a behavior reappears

150
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus

A

lets you know if R+/punishment is likely based on things in the environment

151
Q

What makes a punishment effective

A
  1. Should be immediate (especially animals and children)
  2. Should be consistent
  3. Should be paired with R+ of desired behavior (need to fill the gap with good so that it still produces the good feeling)
152
Q

fear and anxiety decreases learning

A

true

153
Q

does physical punishment lead to more aggression

A

yes

154
Q

can ineffective punishment teach the individual to avoid being caught

A

yes

155
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

using a positive reinforcement for every correct response

156
Q

what is a partial reinforcement

A

using a positive reinforcement only sometimes (delays extinction and behaviors last longer)

157
Q

what affect does continuous reinforcement have

A

continuous to learn, partial to maintain

158
Q

what is learning/performance distinction (latent learning)

A

learning can take place before learned behavior is displayed

159
Q

what is cognitive learning

A

learning by gathering information by watching others or through language

160
Q

What is observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

161
Q

What are the findings of Bandura’s bobo doll study

A
  1. we can learn by watching
  2. consequences for others matter
  3. catharsis is an emotional release where watching others being angry doesn’t necessarily reduce our anger
  4. there are differences presented in males vs female (males had more physical aggression, both had equal verbal aggression)
  5. people are less likely to copy negative if they process what they see (watching with someone else and talking about it)

psychology (1 decks)

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