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Honors Biology > Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Research Psychologists

A

use scientific methods to create new knowledge about causes of behavior

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2
Q

Psychologist Practitioners

A

counseling, clinical

use existing research to enhance everyday life of others

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3
Q

Data

A

any information collect through formal observation or measurement

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4
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

the faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses, e.g telepathy or clairvoyance.

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5
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict

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6
Q

Empirical Methods

A

processes of collecting and organizing data and drawing conclusions about the data
- common framework on which data can be shared

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research

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8
Q

Values

A

personal statements
“I will go to heaven when I die”

  • can come into play when determining if the research is appropriate to conduct
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9
Q

Facts

A

objective statements determined to be true through empirical study

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10
Q

Levels of Explanation

A

the perspectives that are used to understand behavior

  • low levels= biological influences

-high levels= social groups, organizations, and cultures

-middle level= coping strategies

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11
Q

Individual Differences

A

variations among people on physical or psychological dimensions

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12
Q

Multiply Determined

A

produced by many factors

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13
Q

Repression

A

the unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind

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14
Q

Structuralism

A

method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience

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15
Q

Functionalism

A

understanding why animals and humans have developed particular psychological aspects that they currently possess

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16
Q

Psychodynamic

A

focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore psychologists should limit their attention to study behavior itself

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18
Q

Cognitive

A

study of mental processes, including Perception, thinking, memory, and judgements

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19
Q

Social-Cultural

A

study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior

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20
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

how genes and the environment influence the behavior of people and account for differences among people

  • Nature (biological makeup)
  • Nurture (life experiences)
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21
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of observed differences on characteristics among people (height, intelligence)

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22
Q

Free Will vs. Determinism

A

extent to where people have control over their own actions
- are things out of our control or is it our fault?

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23
Q

Accuracy vs. Inaccuracy

A

extent that humans are good information processors

-human judgement can be compromised by thinking styles and emotions

24
Q

Conscious vs. Unconscious Processing

A

to what extent are we conscious of our actions + the causes and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influence not known to us

25
Q

Differences vs. Similarities

A

to what extent are we similar and different

26
Q

Plato

A

argues on nature side
- believed that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or born with

27
Q

Aristotle

A

Nurture side
- believed that each child was born as an “empty slate”

28
Q

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

A

considered the issue of free will
- believed that the mind controls the body through the pineal gland in the brain
- agreed with Plato on innate abilities

29
Q

Dualism

A

the mind is fundamentally different from the mechanical body
- Rousseau, Locke, and Hobbes weighed in too

30
Q

1st two research psychologusts

A

German Wilhelm Wundt
American WIlliam James

-both focus on consciousness

31
Q

Wilhel Wundt

A

made structuralism to create a periodic table of the sensations

32
Q

Introspection

A

asking research participants to describe exactly what they experience as they work and how long it takes them to do the task

  • when reading, viewing colors, or doing a math problem
33
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation is our ability to detect senses like touch, pain, vision, or the movement and positioning of our body.

Perception is the way in which the brain processes and communicates these senses to the rest of the body

34
Q

Best Known Structualist

A

Edward Bradford Titchener

  • claimed to have identified over 40,000 sensations relating to smell, vision, and hearing.
35
Q

Structuralists were the first to….

A

realize the importance of the unconscious process

36
Q

William James thought…

A

that one’s thinking was relevant to one’s behavior

37
Q

Functionalists were influenced by…

A

Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

  • physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful or functional

-applied to not only the body but the mind too

38
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

applies the Darwinian theory of Natural Selection to human and animal behavior

  • accepts functionalist ideas
  • helps understand attraction, stereotypes, etc.
39
Q

Fitness

A

the extent to which having a given characteristic helps the organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate that other members of the spices who do not possess it.

40
Q

The Psychodynamic Approach Psychologist was?

A

Sigmund Freud

41
Q

Sigmund Freud Believed…

A

that many problems that his patients experienced (depression, anxiety) were due to painful childhood experiences the person could no longer remember

42
Q

Freud’s ideas were expanded by

A

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikosn

43
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. Psychoanalysis therapy is used to release repressed emotions and experiences

44
Q

Behaviorist believe that….

A

the mind is a “black box” into which stimuli are sent and from which responses are received

45
Q

1st two Behaviorists

A

American John B. Watson
Russian Ivan Pavlov

46
Q

John B. Watson was influenced by

A

Ivan Pavlov

47
Q

Ivan Pavlov discovered that…

A

dogs would salivate at the sound of a tone that had been previously associated with the presentation of food.

-used these observations as how organisms experienced the environment (stimuli) and produced certain behaviors (responses)

48
Q

Most famous behaviorist

A

Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner

-expanded the principles of behaviorism and brought them the attention of the public.

49
Q

Reinforcements

A

application of rewards

50
Q

2 Cognitive Psychologists

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus
- studied the ability of people to remember lists of words under different conditions

Frederic Bartlett
- studied cognitive and social processes of remembering

51
Q

Neuroimaging

A

use of various techniques to provide pictures of the structure and function of the living brain

52
Q

Social-Cultural Psychologists are concerned with…

A

how people perceive themselves and others, and how people influence each other’s behavior

  • we develop our own beliefs and attitudes by comparing our opinions to those of others
53
Q

Social Norms

A

ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate

54
Q

Culture

A

common srt of social norms, including religious and family values and other moral beliefs, share by the people who live in a geographical region

55
Q

Individualism

A

valuing the self and one’s independence from others

56
Q

Interdependence or Collectivism

A

Focus on developing harmonious social relationships with others

57
Q
A

Honors Biology (2 decks)

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