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Chemistry Conversions > Psychology Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

What is behavior?

A

Anything that can be observed.

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3
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Thinking, brain activity, etc.

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4
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience?

A

Biological foundations of behavior, how the brain works.

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5
Q

What is experimental psychology?

A

Examines how people sense, perceive, learn, and think about the world.

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6
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

The examination of how people grow and change as they age.

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7
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

Psychology that focuses on consistency over time and distinctive traits.

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8
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Psychology that explores the link between psychological factors and physical illness. For example, getting the flu because you are stressed about a test.

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9
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

The study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. For example, depression and schizophrenia.

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10
Q

What is counseling psychology?

A

The focus on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. For example, school counselors.

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11
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

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12
Q

What is cross-cultural psychology?

A

The investigation of similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

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13
Q

What is behavioral genetics?

A

The study of the inheritance of traits related to behavior.

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14
Q

What is clinical neuropsychology?

A

The study of the relationship between biological factors and psychological factors.

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15
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of higher mental processes.

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16
Q

What is educational psychology?

A

The study of the relationship between teaching and learning processes, such as the relationship between motivation and school performance.

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17
Q

What is environmental psychology?

A

The study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.

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18
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

The study of how behavior is influenced b our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

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19
Q

What is forensic psychology?

A

The focus on legal issues, such as determining the accuracy of witnesses memories.

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20
Q

What is industrial/organizational psychology?

A

The study of psychology in the workplace.

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21
Q

What is program evaluation?

A

The focus on assessing large-scale programs, such as the Head Start preschool program, to determine whether they are effective in meeting their goals.

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22
Q

What is sport psychology?

A

Psychology in relation to athletic activity and exercise.

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23
Q

What is a PhD?

A

Doctor of Philosophy. 4 or 5 years after undergraduate, mostly research.

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24
Q

What is a PsyD?

A

Doctor of Psychology. 4 or 5 years after undergraduate, for own practice

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25
Q

Difference between psychologist and psychiatric?

A

Psychiatrists have a medical degree and specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, often using treatments that involve prescribing medications.

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26
Q

What is structuralism and who started it?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of revealing components of mental processes. Introspection is used to measure mind’s structure.

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27
Q

What is functionalism and who started it?

A

William James, Focus on what the mind does and how it functions.

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28
Q

What is Gestalt psychology and who started it?

A

Herman Ebbinghouse and Max Wertheimer, Examined how perception is organized and it focused on the whole concept instead of the elements.

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29
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology.

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30
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingsworth

A

Refuted the popular idea that women’s abilities declined during parts of the menstrual cycle.

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31
Q

Mary Calkins

A

First female president of American Psychology Association.

32
Q

Karen Horney

A

Focused on the social and cultural factors behind personality.

33
Q

June Etta Downey

A

Studied personality traits and was the first woman to head a psychology department at a stat university.

34
Q

Anna Freud

A

Contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior.

35
Q

Mamie Phipps Clark

A

Carried out pioneering work on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences.

36
Q

What are the 5 perspectives and brief descriptions?

A
  • Neuroscience: considers the influence of the brain, nervous systems, and other biological functions on behavior.
  • Cognitive: examines how people understand and think about the world. This perspective compares thinking to information processing.
  • Behavioral: (John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner) focuses on observable behavior.
  • Humanistic: (Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow) Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential.
  • Psychodynamic: (Sigmund Freud) Believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control.
37
Q

Wat are the 5 key issues of psychology and brief descriptions?

A

-Nurture vs. Nature: is our behavior determined biologically or by our environments? Perspectives matter here.
-Conscious vs. Unconscious causes of behavior: is our behavior produced by forces we’re consciously aware of or forces we didn’t consciously know?
-Observable behavior vs. Internal Mental Processes: should we pay attention to behavior we can physically observe or should we attend to mental processes.
-Free will vs. Determinism: can we control our behavior or is it determined by forces outside our control? Are people responsible for their actions?
Individual differences vs. Universal Principles: how much of our behavior is unique, and how much is shared by all people?

38
Q

Kitty Genovese and research?

A

Assaulted and murdered over 30 minutes, 38 witnesses, no one stopped to help and they lived in her building. John Darley and Bibb Latane conducted research, the seizure experiment, and noticed people would help if there were less people around.

39
Q

What is free will?

A

The idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual.

40
Q

What is determinism?

A

The idea that people’s behavior is produced primarily by factors outside their willful control.

41
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.

42
Q

What are the four steps of scientific method?

A
  1. Identify important questions.
  2. Develop an explanation.
  3. Conduct research.
  4. Share with others to hear input.
43
Q

What is a theory?

A

Broad explanation and prediction concerning phenomena of interest.

44
Q

Developing an explanation?

A

Developing a theory, then testing the theory.

45
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A theory stated in a way that allows it to be tested.

46
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge.

47
Q

What are the three main categories of research?

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlational
  3. Experimental
48
Q

What are 4 types of descriptive research?

A
  1. Archival Research- using data like newspapers, research articles, etc. May be incomplete or poor quality.
  2. Naturalistic Research- watching behavior as it naturally occurs. Desired behavior may not occur naturally.
  3. Survey Research- people are asked a series of questions about behavior, thoughts, or attitudes. A representative sample is required and accurate responses don’t always occur.
  4. Case study- in depth research
49
Q

What is correlational research?

A

The relationship between two variables. Positive, negative, or no correlation.

50
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Measuring the relationship between two variables by changing one of them to measure an affect on the other.

51
Q

Research participants typically come from?

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. (Weird)

52
Q

What experimental bias?

A

Factors that distort how the independent variables affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

53
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a false treatment.

54
Q

What is experimental manipulation?

A

The investigation of relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.

55
Q

Types of neurotransmitters:

A
  • Acetylcholine: muscle movement and cognitive functioning.
  • Glutamate: memory.
  • GABA: eating, aggression, and sleeping.
  • Dopamine: movement control, pleasure and reward, and attention.
  • Serotonin: sleeping, eating, mood, pain, and depression.
  • Endorphins: reduce pain, pleasurable feelings, appetites, and placebos.
56
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

(afferent) transmit information from the body to the CNS.

57
Q

Motor neurons:

A

(efferent) transmit information from the brain/nervous system to the muscles and glands.

58
Q

Sympathetic division

A

activates during emergencies (fight or flight)

59
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

activates after emergencies.

60
Q

What is sensation?

A

activation of the sense organs by stimuli

61
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation of that stimuli detected by the sense organs and brain.

62
Q

What is threshold?

A

The point at which a stimulus is perceived.

63
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

The point at which a person will detect a stimulus of 50% of the time.

64
Q

What is noise?

A

Background stimulation that interferes with the perception of stimuli.

65
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

The smallest change in stimulation that will be noticed.

66
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

It states that there are cones for blue-violet, green, and yellow-red.

67
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A

It states that there are linked pairs of receptor cells: blue/yellow, red/green, black/white.

68
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The creation of new neurons.

69
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addiction of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas.

70
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.

71
Q

What is the gate-control theory?

A

The theory that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain.

72
Q

Gestalt laws of organization?

A

A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

73
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience expectations, and motivations.

74
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.

75
Q

What is depth perception?

A

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance.

76
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

The phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.

77
Q

What is a visual illusion?

A

Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.

Chemistry Conversions (2 decks)

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