psychology chapter eight

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 2

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 8

Long-term memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences .

Question 9

Automatic processing

Answer 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 11

Rehearsal

Answer 11

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage.

Question 12

Spacing effect

Answer 12

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 13

Serial postion effect

Answer 13

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Question 14

semantic encoding

Answer 14

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 15

Acoustic encoding

Answer 15

the encoding of picture images.

Question 16

Visual encoding

Answer 16

the encoding of picture images

Question 17

Imagery

Answer 17

mental pictures; a powerful aid to efortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 20

Schema

Answer 20

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information.

Question 21

Long-term potentiation LTP

Answer 21

an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 22

Amnesia

Answer 22

the loss of memory

Question 23

Implicit Memory

Answer 23

retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative memory)

Question 24

Explicit Memory

Answer 24

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” .

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 26

Iconic Memory

Answer 26

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Question 27

Echoic Memory

Answer 27

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is else where, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 28

Recall

Answer 28

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 29

Recognition

Answer 29

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Question 30

Relearning

Answer 30

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Question 31

Priming

Answer 31

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Question 32

D’ej’a vu

Answer 32

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. cues from current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 33

Mood congruent memory

Answer 33

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistency with ones current good or bad mood.

Question 34

Proactive Interference

Answer 34

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 35

Retroactive interference

Answer 35

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 36

Repression

Answer 36

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 37

Misinformation effect

Answer 37

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event.

Question 38

Source Amnesia

Answer 38

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced., heard about, read about, or imagined. The source of many false memories.