Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Intrinsic motivation
desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
Drive-Reduction theory
the idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Hierarchy of needs
maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger.
Set point
the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate
the bodes resting rate of energy expenditure.
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight. yet still feels fat, continues starving.
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeaten, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting , or excessive exercise.
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man can not achieve another orgasm.
Sexual Disorder
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
Estrogen
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics, In non-human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity .
Testosterone
the most importatnt of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it , but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristic during puberty.
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).
Flow
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of ones skills.
Industrial Organization (I/O) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
Structured interviews
interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.
Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.
Task Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
Social Leadership
Group-oriented leadership builds teamwork, medicates conflict and offers support.
Theory x
In this theory, which has been proven counter effective in most modern practice, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work
Theory y
In this theory, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. According to them work is as natural as play. They possess the ability for creative problem solving, but their talents are underused in most organizations.
