Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Two disciplines from which psychology developed
Philosophy And physiology
Wilhelm Wundt
-German scientist
-founded the first psych lab in 1879 in Germany
-“father of psychology”
William James
-American philosopher
-First educator to offer a pysch corse in the United States
-created term “stream of consciousness”
-wrote a very famous book about the principles of psychology
Sigmund Freud
-founder of psychoanalysis
-revolutionized how we think about and treat mental health conditions
-studied unconscious mind and DREAM THEORY
John B. Watson
-American psychologist
-popularized theory or behaviorism and established it as a psychological school
-observable behavior
-animal research
B.F. Skinner
-American behaviorist
-operant conditioning (reinforced behaviors = often, punished behaviors = go away)
-environment
-“free will is an illusion”
First battle of the schools
Structuralism
-basic elements of consciousness
-introspection
Functionalism (William James)
-purpose of consciousness
-practical approach
(Most experts say functionalism won the battle)
Mary Whiton Calkins
-American philosopher and psychologist
-first woman to complete the requirements for a psych degree, went to Harvard
-was refused a Ph.D. From Harvard bc she was a woman
-major contributions in self-psychology
-14th president of APA and first woman to serve in that office
Margaret Floy Washburn
-American psychologist
-first woman to earn a doctoral degree in psychology, at Cornell
-second female APA president after Calkins
-known for her book “the animal mind”
-experimental work in animal cognition
-faced discrimination and was often denied recognition for her work
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
-American psychologist
-best known for her work with gifted children
-pioneering the psychological study of women
- advocated of education practices
-feminist, active men member of the woman’s suffrage party
-was not allowed to teach due to being a married women
Structuralism
Structuralism is an approach that focuses on understanding the underlying structures that shape human culture, behavior, and thought.
Functionalism
Functionalism is a theory that focuses on how different parts of a society or system work together to maintain stability and function.
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a theory developed by Sigmund Freud that focuses on exploring the unconscious mind to understand human behavior. It emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts, desires, and early childhood experiences in shaping an individual’s feelings, behaviors, and personality.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. It emphasizes that behavior is learned and shaped by interactions with the environment, particularly through conditioning.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them. Developed by B.F. Skinner, it involves reinforcement and punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Humanism
Humanism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, personal growth, and individual potential. Key figures in humanism include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Rise of clinical psychology
The rise of clinical psychology began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as psychology transitioned from a purely academic discipline to one that also applied psychological principles to treat mental health issues.
Bc of veterans come back
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on studying mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and decision-making.
Key figures include: Jean Piaget
Biological psychology
Biological psychology, is the branch of psychology that explores how biological processes influence behavior, emotions, and mental processes. It focuses on the brain, nervous system, hormones, genetics, and other biological mechanisms that underlie psychological functioning.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach that seeks to explain human thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in terms of the principles of evolution. It suggests that many psychological traits, such as problem-solving, mating preferences, social behaviors, and emotions, have evolved as adaptive responses to environmental challenges faced by our ancestors.
Cultural psychology
Cultural psychology is the study of how cultural practices, beliefs, and values shape and influence psychological processes and behavior. It emphasizes that psychological phenomena cannot be fully understood without considering the cultural context in which they occur.
Positive psychology
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and promotion of positive aspects of human experience, such as happiness, well-being, and personal strengths. Unlike traditional psychology, which often addresses mental illness and dysfunction, positive psychology aims to enhance what makes life worth living.
Psychology (definition, major research, professional specialties)
-the scientific study of the mind and behavior, including how the mind works and how it affects behavior
-clinical, developmental, social, and cognitive psychology, etc.
-counseling, clinical, forensic, developmental psychology, etc.
Seven underlying themes
1.empiricism
2.theoretical diversity
3.socio-historical context
4.multiple causes
5.cultural heritage
6.nature + nurture
7.experience of subjective
