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Psychology Ch.4 Flash Cards > Psychology Ch.4 Flash Cards > Flashcards

Psychology Ch.4 Flash Cards

Psychology

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A
  • A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span
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2
Q

Nature & Nurture

A
  • How our development is influenced by the interaction between our genetic inheritance and our experiences
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3
Q

Continuity & Stages

A
  • What parts of development are gradual and continuous and what parts change abruptly in separate stages?
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4
Q

Stability & Change

A
  • Which of our traits persist and which change through life
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5
Q

Zygote

A
  • Life cycle begins at conception, when one sperm cell unites with an egg
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6
Q

Embryo

A
  • Developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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7
Q

Fetus

A
  • The next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function, and by 9 weeks, the fetus is recognizably human
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8
Q

Teratogens

A
  • Chemical that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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9
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
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10
Q

Critical Period

A
  • An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences procedures normal development
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11
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • Pioneering development psychologist who studied children’s cognitive development
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12
Q

Schemas

A
  • Concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information
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13
Q

Assimilation

A
  • Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing understanding schemas
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14
Q

Accomodation

A
  • Adapting current understandings schemas to incorporate new information
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15
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A
  • From birth to nearly 2 years; infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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16
Q

Object Permanence

A
  • awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived; mastered around 8 months, when infants begin exhibiting memory for things no longer seen
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17
Q

Preoperational Stage

A
  • From about 2-7 years old; child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic
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18
Q

Conservation

A
  • Principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects; “pretend play”
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19
Q

Egocentrism

A
  • Children have difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view
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20
Q

Theory of Mind

A
  • Involves ability to read mental state of others
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21
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A
  • About ages 7-11; children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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22
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A
  • About 12-adulthood; children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning based on actual experiences
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23
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A
  • A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
24
Q

Attachment

A
  • Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness
25
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A
  • When children are separated from their caregivers at about 8 months, soon after they’ve developed object permanence
26
Q

Basic Trust

A
  • A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
27
Q

Insecure-Anxious Treatment

A
  • People constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of rejection
28
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

A
  • People experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others
29
Q

Authoritative Parents

A
  • Warmly concerned and confrontive, and tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
30
Q

Permissive Parents

A
  • Unrestraining; tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature
31
Q

Authoritarian Parents

A
  • Coercive; tends to have children with less social skills and self-esteem
32
Q

Adolescence

A
  • The transition from childhood to adulthood
33
Q

Puberty

A
  • The period of sexual maturity, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
34
Q

The Teenage Brain

A
  • Frontal lobe development and synaptic pruning occur; this and puberty’s hormonal surge may produce irrational and risky behavior
35
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A
  • Agreed and sought to describe a moral reasoning that develops in universal sequence to guide moral actions
36
Q

Identity

A
  • Our sense of self; the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
37
Q

Social Identity

A
  • Involves the “we” aspect of self-concept that comes from group memberships
38
Q

Intimacy

A
  • The ability to form close. loving relationships; a primary task in young adulthood
39
Q

Early Adulthood

A
  • Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output peak in our mid 20’s
40
Q

Middle Adulthood

A
  • Physical vigor more closely linked to health and exercise habits than age
41
Q

Late Adulthood

A
  • Characterized by better retention of meaningful than meaningless information
42
Q

Social Clock

A
  • The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
43
Q

Love

A
  • Adult bonds of love are most enduring when sealed with commitment and satisfaction related to shared interests and values, mutual emotional and material support, and self-disclosure
44
Q

Work

A
  • Provides a sense of competence, accomplishment, and self-definition for many adults
45
Q

Conception

A
  • The process that started inside your grandmother; an egg formed inside a developing female inside her
46
Q

Placenta

A
  • Organ in the uterus of pregnant women, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord
47
Q

Habituation

A
  • Learning process where there is a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it
48
Q

Motor Development

A
  • As an infant exercises its maturing muscles and nervous systems, skills emerge
49
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A
  • Larger movements your baby makes with his entire body
50
Q

Cognitive

A
  • The mental processes of the brain
51
Q

Cognitive Development

A
  • Thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
52
Q

Harlow’s Monkeys

A
  • Experiment used with monkeys to learn about emotional attachment
53
Q

Morality

A
  • Act that entails free will, purity, liberty, honesty, and meaning
54
Q

Social Development

A
  • How people develop social and emotional skills throughout their life, especially in childhood and adolescence
55
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame

A
  • Erikson’s 2nd stage; 18-3 years old, kids are mostly focused on developing a greater sense of self-control
56
Q

Selection Affect

A
  • Kids seek out friends with similar attitudes and interests

Psychology Ch.4 Flash Cards (1 decks)

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