Psychology Ch.4 Flash Cards
Psychology
1
Q
Developmental Psychology
A
- A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span
2
Q
Nature & Nurture
A
- How our development is influenced by the interaction between our genetic inheritance and our experiences
3
Q
Continuity & Stages
A
- What parts of development are gradual and continuous and what parts change abruptly in separate stages?
4
Q
Stability & Change
A
- Which of our traits persist and which change through life
5
Q
Zygote
A
- Life cycle begins at conception, when one sperm cell unites with an egg
6
Q
Embryo
A
- Developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
7
Q
Fetus
A
- The next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function, and by 9 weeks, the fetus is recognizably human
8
Q
Teratogens
A
- Chemical that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
9
Q
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A
- Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
10
Q
Critical Period
A
- An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences procedures normal development
11
Q
Jean Piaget
A
- Pioneering development psychologist who studied children’s cognitive development
12
Q
Schemas
A
- Concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information
13
Q
Assimilation
A
- Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing understanding schemas
14
Q
Accomodation
A
- Adapting current understandings schemas to incorporate new information
15
Q
Sensorimotor Stage
A
- From birth to nearly 2 years; infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
16
Q
Object Permanence
A
- awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived; mastered around 8 months, when infants begin exhibiting memory for things no longer seen
17
Q
Preoperational Stage
A
- From about 2-7 years old; child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic
18
Q
Conservation
A
- Principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects; “pretend play”
19
Q
Egocentrism
A
- Children have difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view
20
Q
Theory of Mind
A
- Involves ability to read mental state of others
21
Q
Concrete Operational Stage
A
- About ages 7-11; children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
22
Q
Formal Operational Stage
A
- About 12-adulthood; children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning based on actual experiences
23
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A
- A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
24
Q
Attachment
A
- Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness
25
Stranger Anxiety
- When children are separated from their caregivers at about 8 months, soon after they've developed object permanence
26
Basic Trust
- A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
27
Insecure-Anxious Treatment
- People constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of rejection
28
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
- People experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others
29
Authoritative Parents
- Warmly concerned and confrontive, and tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
30
Permissive Parents
- Unrestraining; tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature
31
Authoritarian Parents
- Coercive; tends to have children with less social skills and self-esteem
32
Adolescence
- The transition from childhood to adulthood
33
Puberty
- The period of sexual maturity, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
34
The Teenage Brain
- Frontal lobe development and synaptic pruning occur; this and puberty's hormonal surge may produce irrational and risky behavior
35
Lawrence Kohlberg
- Agreed and sought to describe a moral reasoning that develops in universal sequence to guide moral actions
36
Identity
- Our sense of self; the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
37
Social Identity
- Involves the "we" aspect of self-concept that comes from group memberships
38
Intimacy
- The ability to form close. loving relationships; a primary task in young adulthood
39
Early Adulthood
- Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output peak in our mid 20's
40
Middle Adulthood
- Physical vigor more closely linked to health and exercise habits than age
41
Late Adulthood
- Characterized by better retention of meaningful than meaningless information
42
Social Clock
- The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
43
Love
- Adult bonds of love are most enduring when sealed with commitment and satisfaction related to shared interests and values, mutual emotional and material support, and self-disclosure
44
Work
- Provides a sense of competence, accomplishment, and self-definition for many adults
45
Conception
- The process that started inside your grandmother; an egg formed inside a developing female inside her
46
Placenta
- Organ in the uterus of pregnant women, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord
47
Habituation
- Learning process where there is a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it
48
Motor Development
- As an infant exercises its maturing muscles and nervous systems, skills emerge
49
Gross Motor Skills
- Larger movements your baby makes with his entire body
50
Cognitive
- The mental processes of the brain
51
Cognitive Development
- Thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
52
Harlow's Monkeys
- Experiment used with monkeys to learn about emotional attachment
53
Morality
- Act that entails free will, purity, liberty, honesty, and meaning
54
Social Development
- How people develop social and emotional skills throughout their life, especially in childhood and adolescence
55
Autonomy vs. Shame
- Erikson's 2nd stage; 18-3 years old, kids are mostly focused on developing a greater sense of self-control
56
Selection Affect
- Kids seek out friends with similar attitudes and interests
