psychology ch. 1 Flashcards
millgram
did the shock experiment where he made people “shock” other patients.
psychology
the study of behavioral and mental processes
Phillip Zimbardo
known for the stanford prison experiment.
when was the first laboratory opened in the field of psychology?
1879
wilhelm wundt
opened the first laboratory for psychology in 1879 in heipzig, germany
Structuralism
we are who we are based on our structure of our brain.
william james
proposed functionalism, the idea that the function of our brains is more important than the structure of the brain.
functionalism
the idea that the function of the brain is more important to study
john locke
said that we are who we are due to associationalism
associationalism
with time and space, our personalities are filled out. we start life as a tabula rasa
tabula rasa
means blank slate
the great debates
good vs. bad
master vs. victim
andsum vs. transsum
nature vs. nurture
good vs. evil
idea that people are either all good or all bad
master vs. victim
the idea that people are either in control of their lives, or they are victims of life.
andsum vs. transsum
the idea that to fix someones problems, you either need to know all of them (andsum) or you only need to know part of them (transsum)
nature vs. nurture
the debate that is concerned with peoples personalities, and if they are set by nature, or are they changeable (nurture)
the 4 points of research
describe
explain
predict
control
the 5 points of scholarly research
- Must use scientific methods, Hypothesis (what do you predict), prediction, study, test, analyze, and finally theory (answer to your question)
- systematic attempts
- procedural safeguards to prevent bias (objective vs. subjective)
- keep complete records of the originial study. (so another person can compare results)
- Replication needs to be viable
correlational research
deals with the association of one thing with another
experimental research
deals with cause and effect
dependent variable
a variable that is dependent on the independent variable (the effect)
independent variable
changeable variable that affects the dependent variable
descriptive statistics
mean, median, mode
inferential statistics
predicts a certain outcome to happen.
cross-sectional research
deals with various people of various ages, and is done for a short period of time
longitudinal study
done with a few people of the same age, and over a long period of time
sequential study
done with various ages of people overr a long period of time.
Ethics in psychology
producing objective information with as little bias as possible
developmental psychology
studies the processes and the stages of growth; including later life.
normative reseearch
researching the norms by observing daily behavior
chronological age
adding 1 to the normal age
developmental age
skill age i.e. reading level
stage
a period of time unlike anything before it or after it.
critical period
a time where something needs to be learned by or it wont be able to learn it.
piaget
came up with 4 stages of child development using his kids
0-2 sensorimotor
learning object permanence
2-4 preoperational
learning that things may not be what they appear to be
4-11 concrete operational
learning how rules function
11+ formal concrete operational
abstract thought
habituation
when something has been seen multiple times so it doesnt provide a stimulus i.e. spelling your name wrong.
erikson
known for his attachment theory. babies need attachment to survive and that there should be 2 parenting styles
attachment theory
children need attention and to be held in order to develop properly.
parenting styles
2 stages, permissive (0-12), and authoritative (12+)
age gender roles are learned
2.5 children know their gender, 5 understanding the limitations and benefits of the gender
freud
developed the 5 sexual stages
0-2 oral
learning trust. if trust isn’t learned, there is an oral fixation.
2-4 anal
time of developing independence (autonomy) if there is a problem with this, they become anal retentive (stubborn)
6-11 latency
developing social skills
4-6 phallic
boys have an oedipal complex, and girls have an electra complex
12+ genital
when the sexual organs develop
kohlberg
studied only males
teenagers have 3 main concerns
- social roles - independence
- career
- sex
middle adulthood has 2 concerns for males, and one for females
- wealth
- attractiveness of the partner
- menopause
later years 3 problems
- depression
- isolation
- health problems
physiological psychology
the physical and chemical factors involved in behavioral and mental processes
anima
means life force
aristotle
held the belief that the life force is contained in the heart
descartes
discovered the concept of the soul; also the body and the mind are 2 different things (dualism)
dualism
the mind and the body are 2 separate entities
monism
the mind and the body are one and the same
3 rules for physiological psychology
- the brain is the control center
- messages are sent from the nerves to the muscle
- these functions are orderly
hermann von hemholtz
wanted to know if thinking and behavior are the same thing.
ramon cajal
said that different cells must do different things in the brain
neurons
cells that receive and send electrical signals to and from the control center.
dendrites
the parts of the neuron that receive stimuli
axons
the parts of the neuron that receive stimuli
cellbody/soma
translates the message so the axon can send it to another part of the body
myelin sheath
serves as a fatty protection for the axon. also moves the signal faster or slower
terminal button
the end of the neuron that releases a chemical signal to the rest of the body i.e. dopamine
synapse
the space between neurons
neurotransmitters
the chemicals in the body that tell the body to do something
2 systems for the regulation of chemicals
nervous systems and the endocrine system
nervous system (2 parts)
consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system (2 parts)
consists of the sensory and motor neurons
afferent neurons
sensory neurons
efferent neurons
motor neurons
somatic nervous system
the voluntary nervous system i.e. skeletal muscle
autonomic nervous system
consists of the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system
sympathetic system
responds when there is imminent danger to the body
parasympathetic system
normal body functions i.e. heart rate, temperature
endocrine system
sends long lasting signals to the body
hormones
chemical messengers only dealing with 3 issues, infection, reproduction, and growth
homeostasis
the body’s self regulation
lesioning in the brain
the use of severing some function in order to determine what works, and it is also used to inhibit certain behaviors
stimulation
stimulating part of the brain to determine what works and what doesn’t (electro convulsive therapy)
sklf
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