Psychology Basic

Question 1

Jane goes to the gym and she receives a discount when she works out regularly and eats healthily. This is an example of

a) Discovery learning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Perceptual-motor learning
d) Classical conditional learning

Answer 1

b) Operant conditioning

Question 2

Milly does not allow her youngest son Joe to wear his favorite cap when he is rude towards his siblings. Withholding Joe from wearing his favorite cap serves as

a) Partial reinforcement
b) Negative reinforcement
c) Positive reinforcement
d) Punishment

Answer 2

d) Punishment

Question 3

In Classical conditioning, the term spontaneous recovery refers to the ?

Answer 3

reappearance of a response which seems to have been extinguished.

Question 4

Which of the following occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event?

Answer 4

Negative reinforcement

Question 5

According to Pavlov, many animal behaviours are learned by associating stimuli. In Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, when dogs salivated at the sound of the bell, the dogs salivating was a ?

Answer 5

Conditioned response

Question 6

Sven watched his father fix cars for years and now fixes them like his father did. Which aspect of observational learning is evident in Sven?

Answer 6

Reproduction

Question 7

During a matric exam, the invigilator confiscated Christopher’s script because he was found cheating. In the next exam, Christopher prepared thoroughly and never cheated again. What kind of learning has occured in this case?

a) Operant social learning
b) Cognitive learning
c) Latent learning
d) Imitative learing

Answer 7

a) Operant social learning

Question 8

Mrs Dunne finds it difficult to accept her daughter’s intelligence test results. She thinks that she is very intelligent because she is a very creative child. Mrs Dunne’s reasoning is ?

Answer 8

Incorrect, because many creative people do no do well on IQ tests. They are divergent thinkers.

Question 9

Michael has the ability to use past experiences to solve problems in order to acquire new knowledge. This is an example of ? intelligence?

Answer 9

Experiential

Question 10

Observational learning means that we learn ?

Answer 10

by watching and imitating the behaviours of others and observing the consequences of those behaviors.

Question 11

The cognitive processing approach consists of three underlying components of intelligence. These are

Answer 11

information processes, planning processes & attentional processes.

Question 12

Which memory system manages the ‘how to’ knowledge that enables an individual to carry out actions such as swimming?

Answer 12

Procedural memory

Question 13

In which part of the memory is general knowledge, events and personal experiences encoded?

Answer 13

Long term memory

Question 14

Monty asks you to give him your experience of you new garden and while talking to him you imagine the beautiful roses and your reaction when you see your beautiful patio. Which parts of memory are you using to process the information?

Answer 14

Visual sketchpad

Question 15

During your 21st speeches your mum shares how she can remember you as a little girl and the events that you decided to be a chef. Which memory system is she using to remember these events?

Answer 15

Episodic memory

Question 16

When you can’t remember something for a brief moment but know if you have extra time it will come back to you, what does this indicate a problem with?

Answer 16

Retrieval

Question 17

What term refers to an internal state that activates and gives directions to our thoughts, behaviour and feelings?

Answer 17

Motivation

Question 18

Lara was in a meeting where the CEO of the company tripped and fell. The majority of her colleagues thought that it was funny but did not laugh. This is an example of?

Answer 18

Display rules

Question 19

You receive feedback from your boss that you are doing really well meeting your KPI’s. You start to feel more confident and visualize adding more value to your new team. What emotion are you experiencing?

a) Negative emotion
b) Primary emotion
c) Secondary emotion
d) Positive emotion

Answer 19

Positive emotion

Question 20

The term character refers to

Answer 20

aspects of personality involving a person’s value’s and his/her ability to behave according to those value’s.

Question 21

If you describe your son as ‘optimistic, reserved and friendly’, which personality approach are you using?

Answer 21

Trait approach

Question 22

Which personality approach holds the belief that rewards and punishments shape personality development

Answer 22

Behaviourist

Question 23

What does Social Cognitive Theory focus on ?

Answer 23

Behavioural, environmental (extrinsic) and personal (intrinsic) factors.

Question 24

CBT focuses on the individual’s perception of what three things?

Answer 24

The self, the environment and the future.

Question 25

Operant learning focuses on using either ______ or _______ to increase or decrease our behaviour.

Answer 25

reinforcement OR punishment

Question 26

Discovery learning occurs when

Answer 26

an individual uses past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships.

Question 27

Bandura believed that what 4 cognitive elements or components are necessary for observational learning to take place?

Answer 27

Person has to pay attention, be motivated, be able to retain information and then be able to reproduce the observed behaviour.

Question 28

When the neuron is in a condition of readiness, the fluid inside the neuron is negative relative to the fluid outside, therefore the resting membrane potential means negative inside and positive outside the neuron.
TRUE or FALSE

Answer 28

TRUE,
When the neuron is in a condition of readiness, the fluid inside the neuron is negative relative to the fluid outside, therefore the resting membrane potential means negative inside and positive outside the neuron.

Question 29

Which of the following play an important role in creating and maintaining potential differences between the inside and outside of the neuron?

a) Soma
b) Cell membrane
c) Dendrites
d) Myelin Sheath

Answer 29

b) Cell membrane

Question 30

A person with the hardy personality type demonstrates

a) Chronic anger and hostility
b) Commitment, control and viewing life as a challenge
c) Traits of stubbornness and a drive to achieve
d) A high level of conscientiousness and low level of agreeableness.

Answer 30

b) Commitment, control and viewing life as a challenge

Question 31

The main structures of the hindbrain are the medulla oblangata, cerebellum and

Answer 31

pons

Question 32

The main structures of the forebrain are the thalamus, hypothalamus and

Answer 32

corpus callosum

Question 33

The midbrain is made up of which 2 structures?

a) Corpos callosum & tectum
b) Tectum & tegmentum
c) Cerebellum & tegmentum
d) None of the above

Answer 33

b) Tectum & tegmentum

Question 34

The limbic system is made up of several structures, namely.

a) Basal ganglia, amygdala, limbic cortex & septum.
b) Septum, limbic cortex, amygdala & hippocampus.
c) Hypothalamus, thalamus & limbic cortex.
d) None of the above

Answer 34

b) Septum, limbic cortex, amygdala & hippocampus.

Question 35

Which system within the forebrain evaluates experiences as positive (rewarding) or negative (disagreeable), links this with information with memory and helps the person adapt to similar situations that arise?

Answer 35

The limbic system.

Question 36

The ______ is regarded as the brain’s pleasure or reward centre.

a) Septum
b) Thalamus
c) Pons
d) Tectum

Answer 36

a) Septum

Question 37

Impulse conduction has a number of characteristics. Which of the following is INCORRECT about impulse conduction?

a) An impulse is conducted in one direction only
b) The impulse condition process happens simultaneously everywhere along the axon
c) When a neuron finishes conducting an impulse it enters a refractory period
d) In myelinated sheet, an impulse moves rapidly along the axon.

Answer 37

b) The impulse condition process happens simultaneously everywhere along the axon

Question 38

Which sensory system provides info about environment immediately outside the skin, relating to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain?

Answer 38

The somaesthetic system provides info about environment immediately outside the skin, relating to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.

Question 39

What function does the chemical sensory system perform?

Answer 39

Experiences taste and smell. Receptors for taste are on the tongue. Smell (Olfactory sense) activation receptors in the nose by air. Olfactory nerve sends info directly to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain.

Question 40

Sound waves are interpreted in which lobe of the brain?

Answer 40

Temporal lobe.

Sound waves received by the auditory receptors in ear are encoded before being send along the auditory pathway to the brain. The messages are interpreted in the temporal lobe.

Question 41

What are the four characteristics of temperament?

Answer 41

General activity level, emotionality, sociability, impulsivity.

Question 42

How can temperament be defined?

Answer 42

As a persons’ relatively consistent and distinctive emotional character, moods and reaction style’. It focuses on the emotional aspects of a person’s biological and psychological self and may be referred to as the ‘raw material’ from which a personality is formed.

Question 43

Can the way temperament is manifested in behavior change?

Answer 43

Yes, behavior can be changed through learning and socialisation. For example, people who are very shy can be helped to overcome this to some extent. However, they will always be shy and not likely to become very outgoing because shyness is their basic disposition.

Question 44

What are traits?

Answer 44

Traits are stable qualities that mostly remain consistent in various and changing situations.

Question 45

What term would you give to people who have several traits in common?

a) Friends
b) Family
c) Type
d) Character

Answer 45

c) Type

It is a way of labelling a person who supposedly has several key traits in common with others. Eg, motherly type - has traits as being warm, caring, nurturing, protective and so on.

Question 46

Who proposed the theory that someone is either an introvert or an extrovert?

a) Gordon Allport
b) Raymond Cattell
c) Freud
d) Carl Jung

Answer 46

d) Carl Jung

Question 47

Which of the following describes Cattell’s trait theory of personality?

a) Source traits represent underlying personality characteristics.
b) The most important traits are motivational traits related to our values.
c) Personality is made up of cardinal, central and secondary traits.
d) The core of human nature can be described in terms of five basic personality factors.

Answer 47

a) Source traits represent underlying personality characteristics.

Question 48

Who believed the best way to understand and predict people’s behaviour was to find out what they value - that is the things they will strive to attain?
Important traits are motivational traits related to values?

Answer 48

Gordon Allport

Question 49

Define cardinal trait.

Answer 49

Cardinal traits are those that dominate that person’s life. Gordon Allport also believed not everyone has a cardinal trait. Example. Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 50

The desire for power is an example of what trait (according to Gordon Allport).

a) Cardinal trait
b) Central trait
c) Secondary trait

Answer 50

b) Central trait

Central traits are more common - these are important traits that influence and organise most of our behavior.

Question 51

In terms of psychoanalytic approach, personality is shaped by ?

Answer 51

The dynamic system directed by the id, ego and superego.

Question 52

The outer layer of the brain is called the

Answer 52

Neocortex