Psychology AQA Paper 3 Revision

Question 1

Name the 5 types of determinism !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (૭ ｡•̀ ᵕ •́｡ )૭

Answer 1

• soft determinism ╰⋃╯
• hard determinism╭∩╮
• biological 🧬
• environmental ❁ཻུ۪۪⸙͎🏵
• psychic 🔮

Question 2

Hard determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( ๑‾̀◡‾́)✨

Answer 2

• idea that human behaviour is wholly determined by internal or external factors, people don’t have genuine free will or ethical accountability

Question 3

Soft determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ‎٩(⸝⸝ᵕᴗᵕ⸝⸝)و̣̩⋆̩

Answer 3

• idea that there are constraints on our behaviour but within these limitations we are free to make some choices

Question 4

Biological determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ♡꒰ᵕ༚ᵕ⑅꒱

Answer 4

• idea that influence of genes, hormones, neurotransmitters cause our behaviours

Question 5

Environmental determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ₍ᐢ. ̫.ᐢ₎。

Answer 5

• idea that behaviour is shaped by learning from our environment
• previous experiences; classical & operant conditioning

Question 6

Psychic determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (づ ᴗ _ᴗ)づ♡

Answer 6

• idea that behaviour is shaped by childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts

Question 7

Evaluate free will/determinism !!!!!!!!! (ᴗ͈ˬᴗ͈)ꕤ.ﾟ

Answer 7

➤ free will - practical value - believing we have free will/ control over our lives improves mental health.
-Adolescents w strong belief in fatalism at significantly greater risk of developing depression. Ppl with external locus of control less likely to be optimistic.
-Suggests believing in free will has positive impact on mind and behaviour
➤ determinism - supported by brain scan evidence - Libet
- unconscious brain activity detected half a second before participant consciously felt they decided to move
Counterpoint - could simply be showing brain being involved in our unconscious decision making
➤ limitation of determinism - the law - individuals not being responsible for their actions (as their behaviour is out of their control - determined by other factors) is not consistent with the structure of our legal system.
- shows that determinist arguments don’t work in real life

Question 8

What are causal explanations ???????? ･°˖✧◝(⁰▿⁰)◜✧˖°.

Answer 8

• using scientific methods by controlling all extraneous/confounding variables to make sure the IV affects the DV. ඞ🏳️‍🌈
• knowledge of causes and formulating laws allows scientists to predict and control future events

Question 9

What is an idiographic approach ??????? ૮₍˶･⤙･˶₎ა

Answer 9

• focus on the individuals unique experience

- use qualitative research methods, such as case study, unstructured interviews and thematic analysis

Question 10

What’s the nomothetic approach ???????? (˶ ᵔ ̫ ᵔ ˶) ♡

Answer 10

• focus on creating general laws of behaviour

- involves study of groups of people or cases for the purpose of discovering universal principles

Question 11

strengths of idiographic approach ???????? (❀❛ ֊ ❛„)♡

Answer 11

• allows for a comprehensive, in-depth look at one individual, allowing for a full explanation of their behaviour
• may help challenge general laws of the idiographic approach

Question 12

limitations of idiographic approach ????????? •᷄ ࡇ •᷅

Answer 12

• less scientifically rigorous methods so may be less valid

- less useful as no general theories or predictions are made.

Question 13

limitations of nomothetic approach ????????? ૮ ⚆ﻌ⚆ა

Answer 13

• people treated as statistics/sets of scores, rather than individuals who have a range of influences on them
• does not reflect the complexity of the human experience

Question 14

strengths of nomothetic approach ???????????? ૮ ᴖﻌᴖა

Answer 14

• uses scientific, controlled and standardised methods of investigation, increasing the credibility of the findings
• general norms of behaviours can be identified

Question 15

what are ethical implications????????????? (｡>\

Answer 15

• consequences of the findings of a study - topic may be controversial - may influence government policies
• 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 - may have a negative impact on specific groups of people in society

Question 16

giv me an eval of socially sensitive research !!!!!!!!!!! (•̀ᴗ•́ )و

Answer 16

• may benefit certain groups (example: homosexuality in DSM previously identified as sociopathic personality disorder, Kinsey conducted 5000 anonymous interviews and concluded homosexuality is a typical expression of human sexual expression)
• some studies have a negative impact (example: discovery of the ‘criminal gene’)

Question 17

Outline the key terms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (づ｡◕‿‿◕｡)づ

Answer 17

𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮 - mental framework - representation of the world - our expectations of how things work - develop from experience - constantly creating new schema and building on existing ones
𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 - 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺 - when our existing schema doesn’t allow us to understand something new - creates an unpleasant feeling - motivates us to adapt to this new information by developing our understanding of it to achieve 𝗘𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place due to dramatically new experiences - to adjust, a new schema is formed or existing one is drastically changed
𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place when we acquire new info which we can use to develop an already existing schema

Question 18

outline Piaget’s theory of 4 stages of intellectual development !!!!!!!!!!!!! (..◜ᴗ◝..)

Answer 18

𝟙 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 0-2yrs - focus on physical sensations + basic physical co ordination - develop object permanence
𝟚 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 2-7yrs - begin to understand class inclusion (categorising objects) - egocentric thinking (only see the world from their point of view) - struggle with concept of conservation
𝟛 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 7-11yrs - improve on tasks of class inclusion, egocentrism, conservation (concrete operations to do with physical objects) - struggle to reason with abstract ideas/ imagining situations they cannot see
𝟜 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 11+ - become capable of formal reasoning (able to focus on form of an argument not distracted by its content)

Question 19

Piaget- whats a schema ?????????????

Answer 19

𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮 - mental framework - representation of the world - our expectations of how things work - develop from experience - constantly creating new schema and building on existing ones

Question 20

outline piagets explanation of why we are motivated to learn !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 20

𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 - 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺 - when our existing schema doesn’t allow us to understand something new - creates an unpleasant feeling - motivates us to adapt to this new information by developing our understanding of it to achieve 𝗘𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.

Question 21

Piaget- what happens when we encounter drastically new info?????

Answer 21

𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place due to dramatically new experiences - to adjust, a new schema is formed or existing one is drastically changed

Question 22

Piaget- what happens when u acquire a slightly more advanced understanding of something u already know?????????

Answer 22

𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place when we acquire new info which we can use to develop an already existing schema

Question 23

Evaluate Piaget’s research into Conservation, Class Inclusion & Egocentrism

Answer 23

➤ 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - low internal validity - demand characteristics - children confused why they were being asked the same question again after seeing researcher change appearance of counters/liquid
-Donaldsons replicated Piagets study, but made it seem like counters were moved by accident - 72% 4-6 yr old children answered correctly (compared to Piaget’s - most answered incorrectly)
➤ 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 - Siegler & Svetina - 100 5yr olds - could successfully complete class inclusion tasks after it was explained to them
- suggests Piaget underestimated what younger children could do
➤ 𝗘𝗴𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗺 - Hughes - children as young as 3¹/₂ - 90% correctly able to place ‘boy’ doll where other ‘police officer doll’ could not see him
- suggests when tested with a situation that makes more sense (resembles hide and seek) children r able to decentre and imagine other perspectives at younger age than Piaget claimed

Question 24

Vygotsky believed learning is a ____ process. (how??)

Answer 24

social
- believed it is important to learn from others who are more experienced (experts), and peers are needed to help you learn

Question 25

Vygotsky- what is the difference between intermental learning and intramental????? which comes first???

Answer 25

1) intermental - between the more expert and less expert individual
2) intramental - within mind of the less expert individual

Question 26

Vygotsky- what are cultural differences in cognitive abilities ??????? ·͜·

Answer 26

• children learn and adapt appropriate to their environment, effected by physical, social n work factors of their culture

Question 27

Vygotsky- what are cultural differences in cognitive abilities ??????? ·͜·

Answer 27

• children learn and adapt appropriate to their environment, effected by physical, social n work factors of their culture

Question 28

Vygotsky - what is the ZPD ???????? how it work ???????? ฅ^•ﻌ•^ฅ

Answer 28

The 𝗭𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 is the gap between the child’s current level of development and what they can potentially understand after help from an expert.

Question 29

Vygotsky - what is 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 ??????????? ʕ•͡-•ʔ

Answer 29

𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 - kinds of help adults/expert peers give a child to cross the zone of proximal development. Normally slowly declining in the level of help given to the child as they grasp the task.

Question 30

What are the 5 basics steps of scaffolding ?????????

Answer 30

5) Demonstration
4) Preparation for child
3) Indicating materials
2) Specific verbal instructions
1) General prompts

Question 31

Evaluate Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development !!!!!!!!!

Answer 31

➤ Support for 𝗭𝗣𝗗 - proven gap between level of reasoning a child can achieve on their own vs with help from an expert - study children aged 4-5yrs estimating number of sweets in a box. Children working alone failed to give good answer - whereas children who were offered prompts from older experts were closer to correct answer.
➤ Support for 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 - longitudinal study following up 45 children, observed at 16,26,44,54 months old completing problem solving tasks with the help of their mothers.
- found that over time mothers used less direct intervention and more hints/prompts. - shows that scaffolding describes process of adult support well
➤𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 in 21st century education - social aspect of learning, group work, peer tutoring, assistance from teachers has been used to scaffold children across their ZPD effectively.
- evidence shows that peer mentoring and teaching assistants are effective at improving the rate of learning in children