Psychology AQA Paper 3 Revision Flashcards
Name the 5 types of determinism !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (૭ ｡•̀ ᵕ •́｡ )૭
- soft determinism ╰⋃╯
- hard determinism╭∩╮
- biological 🧬
- environmental ❁ཻུ۪۪⸙͎🏵
- psychic 🔮
Hard determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( ๑‾̀◡‾́)✨
- idea that human behaviour is wholly determined by internal or external factors, people don’t have genuine free will or ethical accountability
Soft determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ٩(⸝⸝ᵕᴗᵕ⸝⸝)و̣̩⋆̩
- idea that there are constraints on our behaviour but within these limitations we are free to make some choices
Biological determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ♡꒰ᵕ༚ᵕ⑅꒱
- idea that influence of genes, hormones, neurotransmitters cause our behaviours
Environmental determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ₍ᐢ. ̫.ᐢ₎。
- idea that behaviour is shaped by learning from our environment
- previous experiences; classical & operant conditioning
Psychic determinism definition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (づ ᴗ _ᴗ)づ♡
- idea that behaviour is shaped by childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts
Evaluate free will/determinism !!!!!!!!! (ᴗ͈ˬᴗ͈)ꕤ.ﾟ
➤ free will - practical value - believing we have free will/ control over our lives improves mental health.
-Adolescents w strong belief in fatalism at significantly greater risk of developing depression. Ppl with external locus of control less likely to be optimistic.
-Suggests believing in free will has positive impact on mind and behaviour
➤ determinism - supported by brain scan evidence - Libet
- unconscious brain activity detected half a second before participant consciously felt they decided to move
Counterpoint - could simply be showing brain being involved in our unconscious decision making
➤ limitation of determinism - the law - individuals not being responsible for their actions (as their behaviour is out of their control - determined by other factors) is not consistent with the structure of our legal system.
- shows that determinist arguments don’t work in real life
What are causal explanations ???????? ･°˖✧◝(⁰▿⁰)◜✧˖°.
- using scientific methods by controlling all extraneous/confounding variables to make sure the IV affects the DV. ඞ🏳️🌈
- knowledge of causes and formulating laws allows scientists to predict and control future events
What is an idiographic approach ??????? ૮₍˶･⤙･˶₎ა
- focus on the individuals unique experience
- use qualitative research methods, such as case study, unstructured interviews and thematic analysis
What’s the nomothetic approach ???????? (˶ ᵔ ̫ ᵔ ˶) ♡
- focus on creating general laws of behaviour
- involves study of groups of people or cases for the purpose of discovering universal principles
strengths of idiographic approach ???????? (❀❛ ֊ ❛„)♡
- allows for a comprehensive, in-depth look at one individual, allowing for a full explanation of their behaviour
- may help challenge general laws of the idiographic approach
limitations of idiographic approach ????????? •᷄ ࡇ •᷅
- less scientifically rigorous methods so may be less valid
- less useful as no general theories or predictions are made.
limitations of nomothetic approach ????????? ૮ ⚆ﻌ⚆ა
- people treated as statistics/sets of scores, rather than individuals who have a range of influences on them
- does not reflect the complexity of the human experience
strengths of nomothetic approach ???????????? ૮ ᴖﻌᴖა
- uses scientific, controlled and standardised methods of investigation, increasing the credibility of the findings
- general norms of behaviours can be identified
what are ethical implications????????????? (｡>\
- consequences of the findings of a study - topic may be controversial - may influence government policies
- 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 - may have a negative impact on specific groups of people in society
giv me an eval of socially sensitive research !!!!!!!!!!! (•̀ᴗ•́ )و
- may benefit certain groups (example: homosexuality in DSM previously identified as sociopathic personality disorder, Kinsey conducted 5000 anonymous interviews and concluded homosexuality is a typical expression of human sexual expression)
- some studies have a negative impact (example: discovery of the ‘criminal gene’)
Outline the key terms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (づ｡◕‿‿◕｡)づ
𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮 - mental framework - representation of the world - our expectations of how things work - develop from experience - constantly creating new schema and building on existing ones
𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 - 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺 - when our existing schema doesn’t allow us to understand something new - creates an unpleasant feeling - motivates us to adapt to this new information by developing our understanding of it to achieve 𝗘𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place due to dramatically new experiences - to adjust, a new schema is formed or existing one is drastically changed
𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place when we acquire new info which we can use to develop an already existing schema
outline Piaget’s theory of 4 stages of intellectual development !!!!!!!!!!!!! (..◜ᴗ◝..)
𝟙 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 0-2yrs - focus on physical sensations + basic physical co ordination - develop object permanence
𝟚 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 2-7yrs - begin to understand class inclusion (categorising objects) - egocentric thinking (only see the world from their point of view) - struggle with concept of conservation
𝟛 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 7-11yrs - improve on tasks of class inclusion, egocentrism, conservation (concrete operations to do with physical objects) - struggle to reason with abstract ideas/ imagining situations they cannot see
𝟜 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 - 11+ - become capable of formal reasoning (able to focus on form of an argument not distracted by its content)
Piaget- whats a schema ?????????????
𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮 - mental framework - representation of the world - our expectations of how things work - develop from experience - constantly creating new schema and building on existing ones
outline piagets explanation of why we are motivated to learn !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 - 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺 - when our existing schema doesn’t allow us to understand something new - creates an unpleasant feeling - motivates us to adapt to this new information by developing our understanding of it to achieve 𝗘𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
Piaget- what happens when we encounter drastically new info?????
𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place due to dramatically new experiences - to adjust, a new schema is formed or existing one is drastically changed
Piaget- what happens when u acquire a slightly more advanced understanding of something u already know?????????
𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - takes place when we acquire new info which we can use to develop an already existing schema
Evaluate Piaget’s research into Conservation, Class Inclusion & Egocentrism
➤ 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - low internal validity - demand characteristics - children confused why they were being asked the same question again after seeing researcher change appearance of counters/liquid
-Donaldsons replicated Piagets study, but made it seem like counters were moved by accident - 72% 4-6 yr old children answered correctly (compared to Piaget’s - most answered incorrectly)
➤ 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 - Siegler & Svetina - 100 5yr olds - could successfully complete class inclusion tasks after it was explained to them
- suggests Piaget underestimated what younger children could do
➤ 𝗘𝗴𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗺 - Hughes - children as young as 3¹/₂ - 90% correctly able to place ‘boy’ doll where other ‘police officer doll’ could not see him
- suggests when tested with a situation that makes more sense (resembles hide and seek) children r able to decentre and imagine other perspectives at younger age than Piaget claimed
Vygotsky believed learning is a ____ process. (how??)
social
- believed it is important to learn from others who are more experienced (experts), and peers are needed to help you learn
Vygotsky- what is the difference between intermental learning and intramental????? which comes first???
1) intermental - between the more expert and less expert individual
2) intramental - within mind of the less expert individual
Vygotsky- what are cultural differences in cognitive abilities ??????? ·͜·
- children learn and adapt appropriate to their environment, effected by physical, social n work factors of their culture
Vygotsky- what are cultural differences in cognitive abilities ??????? ·͜·
- children learn and adapt appropriate to their environment, effected by physical, social n work factors of their culture
Vygotsky - what is the ZPD ???????? how it work ???????? ฅ^•ﻌ•^ฅ
The 𝗭𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 is the gap between the child’s current level of development and what they can potentially understand after help from an expert.
Vygotsky - what is 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 ??????????? ʕ•͡-•ʔ
𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 - kinds of help adults/expert peers give a child to cross the zone of proximal development. Normally slowly declining in the level of help given to the child as they grasp the task.
What are the 5 basics steps of scaffolding ?????????
5) Demonstration
4) Preparation for child
3) Indicating materials
2) Specific verbal instructions
1) General prompts
Evaluate Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development !!!!!!!!!
➤ Support for 𝗭𝗣𝗗 - proven gap between level of reasoning a child can achieve on their own vs with help from an expert - study children aged 4-5yrs estimating number of sweets in a box. Children working alone failed to give good answer - whereas children who were offered prompts from older experts were closer to correct answer.
➤ Support for 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 - longitudinal study following up 45 children, observed at 16,26,44,54 months old completing problem solving tasks with the help of their mothers.
- found that over time mothers used less direct intervention and more hints/prompts. - shows that scaffolding describes process of adult support well
➤𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 in 21st century education - social aspect of learning, group work, peer tutoring, assistance from teachers has been used to scaffold children across their ZPD effectively.
- evidence shows that peer mentoring and teaching assistants are effective at improving the rate of learning in children
