Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology approaches > psychology approaches > Flashcards

psychology approaches Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what approach did Wundt use?

A

structuralist and reductionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what method did Wundt use?

A

introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is introspection?

A

analysing your own thoughts internally, pts asked to describe their experiences when presented with a set of stimuli and their reactions were recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the problems with introspection

A

doesn’t explain how the mind works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what was Griffiths study using introspection

A

investigated people who gambled regularly with those who did not. proposed that the thought process of gamblers would be more irrational than non gamblers. pts were told to think aloud when playing the fruit machine game. as expected, gamblers thoughts were more irrational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evaluate Wundts methods (strengths)

A

+ - methods are still used in useful ways in more recent research. a study was done into teenagers response to a beep, where they had to say their thoughts out loud, when focused on a challenging task, teenagers were more upbeat, this could improve their quality of life
+ - his work paved the way for later controlled research and was very influential in psychology as a science , helping it to be recognised as a science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

evaluate Wundts methods (weaknesses)

A
    • we have little knowledge of the causes and processes underlying our behaviour (eg - people may not be aware of their own stereotypical thinking) causing introspection reports to be inaccurate. furthermore, pts might have thoughts they consider as undesirable and therefore lie.
    • studies unobservable mental processes so his theories are unfalsifiable. this means that its difficult to test the ideas scientifically so cannot be falseifiable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats the behaviourist approach

A

argues that psychologist must focus on observerable events rather than internal events, as it is more objectively measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does behaviourist approach believe learning occurs

A

classical conditioning
operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning by association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how discovered classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did pavolov find with his dogs

A

noticed dogs didn’t only salivate when food was placed in their mouth, but also salivated in reaction to stimuli that was present at the same time as food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens before classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus (food) > unconditioned response (saliva)
a tone was established that didn’t make them salivate
tone= neutral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens during classical conditioning

A

presented tone with food
unconditioned stimulus (food) + neutral stimulus (tone) > unconditioned response (saliva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens after classical conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus (tone) > conditioned response (saliva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning by consequence of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whos idea is this

A

skinners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does learning happen in operant conditioning

A

through reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the types of reinforcement

A

positive
negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

occurs when behaviour produces a consequence that is pleasurable and therefore increases likelihood of a response occurring because it involves a reward for the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

increases likelihood of a response happening because it involves the removal of unpleasant consequences - doing something to stop a bad thing happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what was skinners box investigation

A

rat moves around the box and accidentally presses a lever to receive food, which is a reward. this is positive reinforcement. another version of the box delivers an electric shock through the box, the rat learns to press the lever to stop it. this is negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

evaluate behaviourist approach (strengths)

A

+ - concepts have real life application. classical conditioning has led to the treatment of various phobias, fear and relaxation being response and conditioned response
+ - operant conditioning has led to token economy system being successfully used in institutions (eg - prisons), reward appropriate behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
+ - increased scientist credibility of psychology by using lab experiments and focusing on observable behaviour within highly controlled settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

evaluate behaviourist approach (weakness)

A
    • most research is carried out on animals so cannot be generalised to humans
    • reductionist, reduces complex human behaviour down to only learning through rewards and associations
    • deterministic - our past experineces will produce behaviour , this does not allow any free will we may have over our behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

people imitate the behaviour of ‘models’ behaviour is learnt faster through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what increases the likelihood of imitating behaviour

A
  • if they identify with the model
  • they believe they have the ability to reproduce that behaviour ( self efficacy)
  • vicarious reinforcement - see another person rewarded for certain actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the fourth components of the SLT

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. motor reproduction
  4. motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

explain the first phase of SLT

A

ATTENTION - individuals need to perceive and attend to significant features of modelled behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

explain the second phase of the SLT

A

RETENTION - in order to reproduce modelled behaviour, the individuals must code the information into long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

exaplain the third phase of the SLT

A

MOTOR REPRODUCTION - observer must be able to reproduce models behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

explain the fourth phase of the SLT

A

MOTIVATION - in this process, the observer expects to receive positive reinforcements for modelled behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

keys study in SLT

A

Bobo doll study -
72 children, 1/2 boys and 1/2 girls - there were three conditions and the children were matched on aggression. one group watched an aggressive model hitting a bobo doll with a hammer and punching it saying saying pow and boom. the second group saw a non aggressive model that played quietly in corner of the room. the third had no model (control group)
found group 1 frequently imitated acts of the same aggression whereas the other two groups showed very little aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

evaluate SLT (strengths)

A

+ - CC OR OC can offer an adequate account of learning on their own, SLT provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning by recognising the importance of cognitive mediational process
+ - real life application - SLT can explain criminal behaviour = strongest cause of violence in adolescents was because they saw it modelled and rewarded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

evaluate SLT (weakness)

A
    • bobo study done in a lab - cannot be generalised to real life
    • causality - theory suggests that watching the aggressive, however it may be adolescents who already have deviant attitudes seek out deviant role models
    • reductionists - too simple to argue that behaviour is only learnt through imitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

study of internal mental processes in order to understand behaviour

36
Q

what are the three areas of cognitive psychology

A
  1. schemas
  2. theoretical and computer models
  3. emergence of cognitive neuroscience
37
Q

what are schemas in cognitive psychology

A

cause us to exclude anything that does not conform to our established ways of thinking, focusing instead on things that confirm our pre existing beliefs and ideas

38
Q

what are theoretical models

A

multi store and working memory model

39
Q

what are computer models

A

idea that memory is like a computer - info inputted through the senses and encoded into our memory and combined with previously stored information. LTM similar to hard drive

40
Q

what is emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

brain scans have developed to study the living brain and different brain structures (eg - PET scans and fMRI)

41
Q

evaluate the cognitive approach (strengths)

A

+ - been applied in many areas of psychology (such as social psychology) and can explain real life behaviour (bias)
+ - can explain psychopathology - explains how the dsyfunctional behaviour shown by people can be traced back to faulty thinking processes, this has led to treatments such as CBT

42
Q

evaluate the cognitive approach

A
    • terms storage and encoding borrowed from the field of computing, however there is a difference between the sort of information processing that takes place within a computer program, therefore this cannot generalise to humans
    • reductionist - reduces human behaviour down to thought processes. however, the approach fails to explain why this process happens
43
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach

A

people are born with basic instincts and needs and that behaviour is part of controlled by the unconscious mind

44
Q

who is this approach associated with

A

sigmund freud

45
Q

what is the role of the unconscious

A

the iceberg describes our mind - most of our everyday actions are not controlled consciously but are a product of our unconscious mind

46
Q

what is the structure of personality

A

frued described personality as a tripartite:
- the id operates as the unconscious - is the pleasure principle - demand gratification regardless of circumstances. present from birth and linked to libido
- the ego is next to develop. around 2 years old. resolves conflicts between the id and the superego and follows the reality principle. usually manages this through defence mechanisms
- the superego develops last at 5 years old. its our sense of right and wrong and is based on the morality principle - represents moral standards a child has been socialised to

47
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A

ego has a difficult job balancing id and superego, if there is a circumstance it is unable to resolve, it triggers defence mechanisms. these operate unconsciously by distorting reality so that anxiety is reduced

48
Q

examples of defence mechanisms

A
  • repression
  • denial
  • displacement
49
Q

what is repression

A

the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses. these continue to influence behaviour without the individual being aware of the reasons behind their behaviour

50
Q

what is denial

A

refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality

51
Q

what is displacement

A

you redirect your feelings to another target

52
Q

what is stage one of the psychosexual stages

A

oral

53
Q

what age is stage one

A

birth - 1 year

54
Q

describe stage one

A

the mouth is the main focus of pleasure - tasting and sucking - learns gratification and develops ego - successful completion of this stage is weaning

55
Q

what are the problems with this stage

A

smoking, biting nails,

56
Q

what is stage two

A

anal

57
Q

what age is stage two

A

1 - 3 years

58
Q

what is the id desire for stage two

A

anus

59
Q

describe stage two

A

beginning of ego development. child gains pleasure from holding and expelling faeces, child learns toilet training

60
Q

what is the problem of stage two

A

anal retentive, anal expulsive

61
Q

what is stage three

A

phallic

62
Q

what age is stage three

A

3 - 5 years

63
Q

what is the id desire in stage three

A

genitals

64
Q

describe stage three

A

sexual energy focused on genitals. major conflict : male child unconsciously wishes to possess their mothers and get rid of their fathers. female also gets this - but with their father

65
Q

what is the problem in stage three

A

Oedipus complex (male child in love with mum)
Electra complex (female child in love with dad)

66
Q

what is stage four

A

latency

67
Q

what age is this stage

A

6 - 12 years

68
Q

describe stage four

A

focus on developing same sex relationships

69
Q

what is stage five

A

genital

70
Q

what age is stage five

A

12+ - puberty

71
Q

describe stage five

A

develop healthy adult relationships - this should happen if earlier stages have been successfully negotiated

72
Q

evaluate psychodynamic approach (strengths)

A

+ = helpful - observations are ore helpful rather than relying on introspection
+ - has practical applications - freud made a new form of therapy called psychoanalysis

73
Q

evaluate psychodynamic approach (weakness)

A
    • research based on in depth detailed analysis of his own little number of patients (mainly case studies) this cannot be generalised
    • popper argued that psychodynamic approach does not meant to the scientific certification of falsification
    • deterministic - we have no freewill over behaviour - all adult behaviour is determined by childhood
74
Q

what is humanistic psychology

A

believes freud’s approach deals with ‘sick’ side of population, instead deals whilst the ‘healthy’ side of people
emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination

75
Q

who developed the hierarchy of needs

A

maslow

76
Q

what are the levels of the hierarchy of needs

A

first to last:
- physiological
- safety
- love/belonging
- esteem
- self actualization

77
Q

what does maslow believe about the hierarchy of needs

A

that everyone has an innate ability to achieve their full potential. he called this self actualisation.
each level must be filled before a person can move to the next level
not everyone will make it to the top

78
Q

what is Rogers model

A

self worth, congruence and conditions of worth

79
Q

what are the two basic needs rogers thinks people have

A
  1. a feeling of self worth
  2. positive regard from other people
80
Q

what is the feeling if self worth

A

how we perceive ourselves
the closer together our ideal self is with our real self, the greater our feelings of self worth our

81
Q

what is a congruence

A

when there is a similarity between the self and and their ideal self worth

82
Q

what is an incongruence

A

when there is a difference between a persons ideal self and their self

83
Q

what is positive regard from other people

A

formed as the result of the child interactions with parents and significant others and is important for determining our self worth and congruence

84
Q

what are the two types of regard from other people

A
  1. unconditional positive regard
  2. conditional positive regard
85
Q

what is unconditional positive regard

A

when love and acceptance is unconditional and a person is accepted for who they are

86
Q

what is conditional positive regard

A

when people are only accepted if they do what others want them to do

87
Q

evaluate the humanistic approach (strengths)

A

psychology approaches (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions