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mcat OT review > Psychology and Sociology > Flashcards

Psychology and Sociology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

CULTURAL

  1. cultural transmission
  2. cultural diffusion
  3. cultural assimilation
  4. cultural accommodation
A
  1. passing of culture between generations
    ex: pass cultural norms from grandparents to kids
  2. spreading of culture between different societies or populations
  3. process where immigrant group replaces own cultural identity with identity of dominant culture of host country
  4. immigrant group takes on cultures and norms of host country, and maintaining the identity of their parent culture
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2
Q

3 ways NT is removed from synapse

A
  1. reuptake into presyn.
  2. diffusion ou of synapse
  3. chemical degradation
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3
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

acting differently when you think you are being observed

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4
Q

SOCIAL

  1. social interference
  2. social facilitation
  3. social desirability bias
A
  1. performing on difficult task is decreased cuz of presence of others
  2. performing on well practiced and simple task is heightened cuz of presence of others
  3. response bias, give response that is more socially acceptable
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5
Q

THEORIES OF EMOTION

  1. James-Lange
  2. canon-Bard
  3. schacter-singer
  4. lazarus
A
  1. event -> physical arousal -> then experience of emotion
  2. event -> physical arousal AND emotion (simultaneously and independent)
  3. emotion = physical arousal and cognition
  4. emotions are appraisal of stimulus, immediate and unconscious
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6
Q

BIAS

  1. correspondence bias
  2. self-serving bias
  3. implicitt bias
  4. actor observer bias
A
  1. aka fundamental attribution error: attribute behaviour with personality trait of OTHER person, not situational
  2. attribute YOUR succes to dispositional and failures to situational
  3. have unconscious attitudes associations to others
  4. attribute OTHERS success to situational and failure to dispositional
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7
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

ignoring base rates (general information) in favour of specific unique info and personal experience

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8
Q

EAR

  1. otoliths
  2. semicircular canal
  3. cochlea
A
  1. responsible for detecting linear acceleration of the head, direction of head tilt
  2. detecting rotational acceleration
  3. auditory sensation (hearing)
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9
Q

conduction aphasia

A

impaired repetition of heard speech

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

stimulus can be detected 50% of the time

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11
Q

MEMORY

  1. sensory
  2. implicit
  3. priming
  4. working
A
  1. short term, visual and auditory memories (iconic and echoic)
  2. subset of long term: unconscious, automatic, based on previous experience, procedural
  3. introduction of stimulus influences salience of memory
  4. short term memory, can manipulate
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12
Q

Hans Selye : general adaptation syndrome

A
  • 3 stages
    1. alarm : fight or flight
    2. resistance : use resources, fight stressor
    3. exhaustion : runs out of ressources
  • same physiological response (identical), regardless of stressor
  • difference = magnitude in stress response
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13
Q

process of initial memory formation (3)

A
  1. perceiption : by sensory organs
  2. encoding: to have memory remain
  3. consolidated : long term
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14
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurone responsible for learning observed behaviour

modeling. someone showing other how to do something

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15
Q

PERSONALITY

  1. Myer-briggs
  2. social cognitive
  3. psychodynamic
  4. behaviourist
A
  1. self-report, pairs of behaviours (intra and extra version, judge or perceive…)
  2. interallation of intrinsic factors, extrinsic and behavioural and each influence personality
  3. subconscious or unconscious psych process
  4. rewards and punishment influence behaviour
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16
Q

yerkes-dodson Law

A
  • relationship between performance and arousal
  • moderate arousal leads to increased performance
  • too little = bad, too much = bad
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17
Q

HORMONES

1. oxcytocin

A
  1. intimacy and infant bonding
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18
Q

KOHLBERG MORAL DEV.

  1. punishment and obedience
  2. instrumental relativism
  3. interpersonal concordance
  4. social contract
A
  1. preconventional, basic and simple awareness of right and wrong
  2. doing what is best for oneself, if socially acceptable
  3. conventional, doing what pleases others in society
  4. post conventional, laws unjust, people should ignore them, abstract principles. empathy
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19
Q

TERMS

  1. socialization
  2. assimilation
  3. stratification
  4. discrimination
A
  1. internalizing norms of culture into youth (mass media)
  2. adopting language and culture of dominant social group
  3. society divided into diff layers
  4. unjust treatment of Diff people
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20
Q

DISORDERS

  1. ego-syntonic
  2. ego-dystonic
A
  1. all personality disorders: affected person perceives their behaviour as correct, normal, healthy, in line with their goals
  2. knows their behaviour was wrong schizos
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21
Q

environmental justice

A

fair treatment and meaningful involvemnt of all people regardelss of race, colour, nationalit or income with respect to enviro laws and policies

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22
Q
  1. material culture

2. transference

A
  1. cultural objects, stories and significance

2. unconcious redirection of feelings from one person to another

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23
Q

nativist theory

A

innate abilities, not learned but genetic or biological

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24
Q
  1. heurisitcs

2. game theory

A
  1. mental short cut based on expectation and experience

2. modeling conflict and cooperation

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25
Q

affect self identity

A

the person must conceive themselves in a different capacity

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26
Q

latent inhibition

A

familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning than unfamiliar stimulus

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27
Q

hierarchy of salience

A

individuals will hols identities that are higher in their hierchary, more relevant in a particular scenario

participants identitiy in a scenario that hold the most important will set them apart in their given enviro

most salient = most seperated from everyone around them (not related to specific scenario)

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28
Q

dreams

  1. cognitive proscess
  2. activation synthesis
  3. problem solving
  4. neurocognitive model
A
  1. dreams are sleeping version of wake stream of conciousness
  2. dreams are random neuronal activation
  3. dreams are a way to solve problems durin sleep
  4. bio and psych perspective with physiological changes
29
Q

behavioural stressors

A

alter behaviour thru stress

30
Q

ritual

A

formalized cermony that usually invlolces specific material objects, symbolism and mandates on acceptable behaviour

31
Q

social constructionism

A

school of thought characterized by the idea that objects generally have littlel inherent value and it is society which ascribes value to objects

32
Q

False Consciousness

A

Condition in which an individual believes something that is not in the individual’s best interest (does not realize the social class or economic reality the belong to).

33
Q
  1. Urban Decline
  2. Rural Flight
  3. Gentrification
A
  1. Driving of city residents out die to excessive density and overcrowding.
  2. Movement of people from rural to urban areas.
  3. Changing the character of a poor urban area by moving in rich people.
34
Q
  1. Neutral Stimulus

2. Discriminative Stimulus

A
  1. Stimulus that initially produces no response other than focusing attention.
  2. Tells the subject that there is a possibility for conditioned behavior.
35
Q
  1. Confounding Variable

2. Mediating Variable

A
  1. One which has a relationship with the independent and dependent variable.
  2. One which explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
36
Q
  1. Demand Characteristics

2. Response Bias

A
  1. Features of experimental research that influence participants towards a certain result expected by the experimenters.
  2. Tendency for individuals to not or stop responding during an experiment.
37
Q
  1. Pull Factor

2. Push Factor

A
  1. Elements of a country (the one they are going to) which are attractive to an immigrant.
  2. Elements of a country (their home country) which are negative and push immigrants away.
38
Q
  1. Socialization
  2. Anomie
  3. Folkways
A
  1. Acquainting of individuals with the norms of a given social group or society.
  2. Alienation feeling one feels from a lack of social norms or breakdown of social bonds between an individual and his community, resulting in fragmentation of social identity.
  3. Informal rules and norms that, while not offensive to violate, are generally expected to be followed.
39
Q

Measure of central tendency if graph is:

  1. Symmetric
  2. Asymmetric
A
  1. Mean

2. Median

40
Q
  1. Insomnia
  2. Parasomnias
  3. Dyssomnias
A
  1. Sleep disorder characterized by increased latency of sleep onset.
  2. Abnormal behaviors DURING sleep.
  3. Abnormal impaired sleep quality or affected total sleep time.
41
Q
  1. Incentive Theory
  2. Drive reduction Theory
  3. Expectancy-value Theory
  4. Humanistic Theory
A
  1. Behavior is primarily motivated by the incentive of extrinsic rewards, such as financial gain.
  2. Behavior is motivated by the reduction of drive states due to the satiation of needs, such as the need for food.
  3. Expectancy-value theory suggests that individuals are motivated to complete
    tasks when they expect that they will be successful and/or when the goals are meaningful to them. Past experience is a primary factor influencing an individual’s perception of self-efficacy.
  4. Humanistic theories of motivation suggest that individuals are intrinsically (from inside oneself) motivated to achieve self-
    actualization.
42
Q
  1. Confirmation Bias

2. Functional Fixedness

A
  1. Tendency for an individual to seek out and recall information in a way that supports an individual’s prior experiences or values.
  2. Tendency for an individual to only see an object as working in a particular way.
43
Q

George Miller Working Memory

A

Can store 7 +/- 2 items

44
Q
  1. Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)
  2. Sensitization
  3. Habituation
A
  1. Individual learning to only respond to the conditioned stimulus and not similar stimuli.
  2. Non-associative learning process in which administration of a stimulus results in progressive amplification of a response.
  3. Decrease in an individual’s response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
45
Q

Generalized Other

A

People develop a scheme for organizing what they believe are the beliefs and values held by other members of society.

46
Q

Neuroticism

A

High levels indicated elevated stress, anxiety, and worry.

47
Q
  1. Cultural Relativism
  2. Ethnocentrism
  3. Self-Concept
A
  1. Individuals behave in ways that are inclusive of cultural differences.
  2. Individual judges another culture by their own standards.
  3. Self-concept refers to an individual’s idea of themselves.
48
Q

Dream Theory:

  1. Activation-Synthesis Theory
  2. Freudian Theory
  3. Threat Stimulation Theory
  4. Cognitive Theory
A
  1. Dreams are merely the interpretation of random electrical brain impulses.
  2. Dreams have both latent and
    manifest content; latent content relates to deep unconscious wishes or fantasies, while manifest
    content is a symbolic representation of latent content that makes up the actual dream.
  3. Dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage.
  4. Dreams are sequences of thoughts that occur during sleep.
49
Q

Experiments with high validity:

  1. Internal
  2. External
A
  1. Randomized Control Trial

2. Quasi-experimental

50
Q

Aspects of Working Memory and their Functions:

  1. Central Executive
  2. Phonological Loop
  3. Visuospatial Sketchpad
  4. Episodic Buffer
A
  1. Directs attention, allocating information to the visual spatial sketchpad and phonological loop, and decision making.
  2. Stores heard speech for short periods of time.
  3. Stores short term visual information.
  4. Acts as an intermediate between working and long-term memory and moves information from short to long-term memory.
51
Q

Somatoform Disorders:

  1. Somatic Symptom Disorders
  2. Conversion Disorders
  3. Illness Anxiety Disorder
  4. Factitious Disorder
  5. Malingering
A
  1. Excessive preoccupation and anxiety regarding a real physical symptom.
  2. Presence of a neurologic symptom not attributable to any known cause.
  3. Excessive worry about the possibility of having an illness.
  4. Falsification of symptoms to obtain “sick role”.
  5. Falsification of symptoms to obtain external reward.
52
Q

Sleep Stage Waves:

  1. NREM 1
  2. NREM 2
  3. NREM 3+4
  4. REM
A
  1. Theta Waves
  2. Theta waves, K complexes, and spindles
  3. Delta Waves (Deep Sleep)
  4. Alpha and Beta Waves
53
Q

Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

Every organization will always tend to become less democratic and more oligarchical (power being more concentrated).

54
Q

Elaborative Likelihood Model

A

When individuals are highly
motivated to listen and engage with an argument, we should try and convince them using central cues, which are logic and fact based. When individuals are unmotivated to listen and engage with an argument, we should try and convince them using peripheral cues, which are emotion based.

55
Q
  1. Cultural Poverty

2. Structural Poverty

A
  1. As a result of the individual’s poor decisions.

2. Out of individual’s control.

56
Q
  1. Fecundity
  2. Fertility
  3. Mortality
A
  1. Capability to produce multiple live offspring (level of fertility)
  2. Birth rate
  3. Death rate
57
Q
  1. Power
  2. Authority
  3. Privilige
  4. Prestige
A
  1. The ability of individuals to exert control over others in society.
  2. The extent to which members of
    society perceive an individual as having the right to exert influence over others.
  3. The advantages accorded to an
    individual which increase the ease with which they can navigate social institutions.
  4. An individual’s perceived reputation
    and status.
58
Q

Kinship Types:

  1. Consanguineal
  2. Affinal
  3. Fictive
  4. Primary
  5. Secondary
  6. Tertiary
A
  1. Based on blood
  2. Based on marriage
  3. Based on factors outside of blood and marriage
  4. Directly related
  5. Related to primary kin
  6. Related to secondary kin
59
Q

Elements of persuasion:

  1. Source
  2. Message
  3. Target characteristics
A
  1. Elements of the speaker. During the central route, good source characteristics include a speaker that is credible.
  2. Elements of the message. During the central route, good source characteristics include a message that focuses on facts and accuracy.
  3. Elements of the audience. Elements of the audience that would indicate that one should use the central route
    include high levels of attentiveness and motivation to learn.
60
Q

Types of support:

  1. Instrumental
  2. Emotional
  3. Informational
  4. Appraisal
A
  1. Tangible service or action
  2. Expression of care
  3. Speaks about facts
  4. Motivational or mood-booster
61
Q

Stressors:

  1. Daily Hassle
  2. Ambient Stressor
  3. Major Life Event
  4. Cataclysmic Event
A
  1. Low importance and affects few people.
  2. Low importance and affects a lot of people.
  3. High importance and affects few people.
  4. High importance and affects a lot of people.
62
Q

Convergence

A

Binocular cue that is the extent to which two eyes are turned inward to perceive a single object.

63
Q
  1. Positive Symptoms

2. Negative Symptoms

A
  1. Behavioral excesses compared to baseline.

2. Decrease in behavior compared to baseline.

64
Q

Types of negative symptoms:

  1. Alogia
  2. Avolition
  3. Anhedonia
A
  1. Decreased speech
  2. Decreased motivation
  3. Decreased pleasure
65
Q
  1. Class System

2. Caste System

A
  1. Associated with fluctuations in social status and a greater degree of vertical mobility.
  2. Associated with social status obtained at birth and almost zero vertical mobility.
66
Q

Cycolythmia

A

Kinda like bipolar disorder but it has lower highs and higher lows.

67
Q

Ethology

A

Study of behavior in humans and other species

68
Q 
Components of Language:
1- Phonemes
2- Morphemes
3- Semantics
4- Syntax
5- Pragmatics
A

1- Word sounds
2- Word parts and portions
3- Meaning of a word
4- How words are put together in a sentence
5- Manner in which the sentence is expressed (i.e politeness or in an informal manner)

69
Q
  1. Strong Sapir-Whorf ( Linguistic Determinism)

2. Weak Sapir-Whorf ( Linguistic Relativity)

A
  1. Language completely determines thought.

2. Language partially influences thought.

mcat OT review (3 decks)

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