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Behavioral Sciences > Psychology and Development > Flashcards

Psychology and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Child sexual abuse risk factors

A
  • Single-parent families
  • Marital conflict
  • History of physical abuse
  • Social isplation
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2
Q

Narcissistic Defenses

Enumerate with brief description of each and to which each one is linked to if possible

A
  • Projection: Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse on an external source (Paranoia)
  • Denial: Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality (substance abuse, child abuse, death and terminal illness experience)
  • Splitting: Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity . two types idealization and devaluation. (Borderline personality disorder, prejudice and stereotypes)
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3
Q

Tanner stages or scale (female breasts)

A
  • Tanner I: no glandular tissue and areola follows the skin contour of chest (equal or less than 10y)
  • Tanner II: breast buds form with small area of surrounding glandular tissue and areola begins to widen (10-11y)
  • Tanner III: breast enlarges and mound forms (11-13y)
  • Tanner IV: breast enlarges, raised areola and mound on mound (13-14y)
  • Tanner V: adult breast contour and areola flattens (more than 14y)
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4
Q

Physiologic changes in response to stress

Important notes

A
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • Cortisol levels rise then fall within 24 hours after stressor
  • Secondary spike in cortisol levels 48 to 72 hours after stressor
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5
Q

Defense Mechanisms

Enumerate groups from least mature to most mature

A
  1. Narcissistic defenses
  2. Immature defenses
  3. Anxiety defenses
  4. Mature defenses
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6
Q

Discipline of children

Important notes

A
  • Its for toddlers (younger than 6 years)
  • Best application is “time out”
  • It should be clearly connected (in time and space) to behavior to be modified
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7
Q

Commonly used IQ tests

A
  • Bayley scales of the infant and toddler development
  • Comprehensive test of non-verbal intelligence- 2nd edition (CTONI)
  • The early screening profile (ESP) cognitive/language profile
  • Wechsler Abbreviated scale of intelligence (WASI): the comprehensive one (most commonly used)
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R): for adults age 17 and older
  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-Revised (WISC-R): for children aged 6 to 17
  • Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence (WPPSI): for children aged 4 to 6
  • Stanford-Binet Scale: the first formal IQ test and today is most useful with children younger than 6, the impaired or the very bright
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8
Q

Anxiety Defenses

Enumerate with brief description of each and to which each one is linked to if possible

A
  • Displacement: transferring avoided ideas and feelings to a neutral person or object (phobias and scapegoat)
  • Repression: involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness
  • Isolation of affect: separating feelings from ideas and events (Bland affect and Le belle indifference)
  • Intellectualization: using facts and logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful situation (rumination of obsessive compulsive disorder)
  • Acting out: expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions (adolescence, borderline and anti-social personality disorders)
  • Rationalization: proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame (politics, obsessive compulsive disorder)
  • Reaction formation: replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (many anxiety disorders)
  • Undoing: acting out the reverse of the unacceptable behavior (spells of obsessive compulsive disorder)
  • Passive aggression: unaware of being mean (children, anxiety and borderline personality disorders)
  • Dissociation: temporary, drastic changes in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress [third person experience] (dissociative disorders)
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9
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

3rd year of life (Age 2)

A
  • A world of objects
  • Can use symbols
  • Transition objects (like teddy bear)
  • Strong egocentrism
  • Concrete use of objects
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10
Q

Social developmental milestones

5th year of life (Age 4)

A
  • Imitation of adult roles
  • Curiosity about sex (playing doctor)
  • Nightmares and monster fears
  • Imaginary friends and cooperative play
  • Knows age
  • Plays board games
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11
Q

Causes of death patterns in Native Americans compared with whites

A

All causes are higher than whites except for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and AIDS/HIV

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12
Q

Social developmental milestones

1st year of life

A
  • Social smile (2mo)
  • Issues of trust are key
  • Play is solitary and exploratory
  • Enjoy looking around and laughs (5mo)
  • Waves bye-bye, plays pat-a-cake and peek-a boo (10mo)
  • Imitates actions (12mo)
  • Stranger anxiety (6mo, peak at 8mo and disappear at 12mo) and occurs even if the child is held by parent
  • Separation anxiety (8-12mo) and disappears at 20-24mo. Continued separation prior to 12mo leads to withdrawal and risk of anaclitic depression
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13
Q

Social developmental milestones

6th year of life (Age 5)

A
  • Conformity to peers important
  • Romantic feeling for others
  • Oedipal phase
  • Exhibits domestic role playing and plays dress-up
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14
Q

US medical system facts

A
  • Most common principal diagnosis in an office visit is essential hypertension for men and pregnancy for women
  • Average hospital stays 4.9 days
  • Malpractice suits involve breast cancer than any other diagnosis
  • Most admission in hospitals is for psychiatric reasons
  • Most days in hospital is disease of cardiovascular system
  • Most days lost from work is URT diseases
  • Ambulatory clinics: 30% back pain
  • Most work related disability is muscle/skeletal problems
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15
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

2nd year of life (Age 1)

A
  • Walks alone (13mo)
  • Climbs stairs alone, emergence of hand preference and stacks 3 cubs (18mo)
  • Pat pictures in book
  • Feeds self with fork and spoon (20mo)
  • Kicks ball (24mo)
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16
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

3rd year of life (Age 2)

A
  • Walks backward, can turn doorknob, unscrew jar lid, and scribbles with crayon
  • Stacks 6 cubes (24mo)
  • Stands on tiptoes (30mo)
  • Walks up/down steps and jumps
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17
Q

Behavioral Models of depression

A
  • learned helplessness (increased GABA in hippocampus decrease its likelihood)
  • Low rate of response-contingent reinforcement
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18
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

6th year of life (Age 5)

A
  • Counts 10 objects correctly
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19
Q

Social developmental milestones

4th year of life (Age 3)

A
  • Fixed gender identity (core gender identity formed [36mo])
  • Sex-specific play
  • Understands “taking turns”
  • Knows sex and full name
  • Brushes teeth with help and washes/dries hands
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20
Q

Social developmental milestones

2nd year of life (Age 1)

A
  • Dependency on parental figure (rapproachment)

- Onlooker play

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21
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

Ages 12+ (Adolescence)

A
  • Abstract from abstractions (formal operations)
  • Systematic problem solving strategies
  • Can handle hypotheticals
  • Deals with past, present and future
  • Formation of personality and development of metacognition
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22
Q

Language developmental milestones

Ages 12+ (Adolescence)

A
  • Adopts personal speech patterns

- Communication becomes focus of relationships

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23
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

Ages 6-12

A
  • Abstract from objects
  • Law of conservation achieved
  • Adherence to logic
  • No hypotheticals
  • Mnemonic strategies
  • Personal sense of right and wrong
  • Development of conscience (superego)
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24
Q

Stages of adjustment (Kubler-Ross)

Enumerate in order, and give important notes

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
    notes: it is for dying patients as well as situations of loss and separation. They can be in any order and people may move back and forth through the stages. Not everyone passes through all stages or reaches adequate adjustment
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25
Q

Low Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with every thing “bad” except

A
  • Anxiety disorders and breast cancer in women (higher in high SES)
  • Bipolar disorders in both genders (higher in high SES)
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26
Q

Vulnerable child syndrome

A
  • Parents perceive child as especially susceptible to illness or injury
  • Usually follows a serious illness or life-threatening event
  • Can result in missed school or overuse of medical services
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27
Q

In domestic abuse the male is more likely to be abuser if

A
  • Considers wife his belonging
  • He is jealous or possessive
  • There are verbal assaults to his self-esteem
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28
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

2nd year of life (Age 1)

A
  • Achieves object permanence
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29
Q

Leading cause of death in ages 35-65 years

A

Neoplasia

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30
Q

Children at risk of abuse

A
  • Younger than 1 year of age
  • Stepchildren
  • Premature children
  • Very active
  • “Defective” children
    note: the abused child likely won’t become a child abuser, but a child abuser was likely abused him/herself. Also the victims are more likely to become adult victims of abuse.
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31
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

Age 12+ (adolescence)

A
  • Adolescent “growth spurt” (girls before boys)
  • Onset of sexual maturity (10+y)
  • Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
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32
Q

Domestic abuse facts

A
  • Over 4 million annually
  • Domestic violence is th #1 cause of injury to American women
  • More frequent in families with drug abuse, especially alcoholism
  • If one attack occurs, more are likely
  • Hx/PE: multiple somatic complaints, frequent ER visits, and unexplained injuries with delayed medical Rx. Also the patient avoid eye-contact or act afraid or hostile. The partner who answers questions for the patient or refuses to leave the examination room is another clue
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33
Q

The figures that children can copy with corresponding approximate age

A
  • Circle (3y)
  • Cross (4y)
  • Rectangle (4 and a half year)
  • Square (5y)
  • Triangle (6y)
  • Diamond (7y)
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34
Q

Leading cause of death in ages 1-34 years

A

Unintended injuries

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35
Q

Immature Defenses

Enumerate with brief description of each and to which each one is linked to if possible

A
  • Blocking: student unable to recall temporarily
  • Regression: involuntarily turning back the maturation clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with world (Enuresis, primitive behaviors)
  • Somatization: getting headache while taking an exam (somatoform disorders)
  • Introjection (identification): a teenager adopts the style and mannerisms of a rock star [unconscious copycat] (super-ego, professional education and psychotherapy)
  • Fixation: when an individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage (adults fixating on video games)
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36
Q

Infant mortality facts

A
  • African Americans have the highest rates from low birth weight and infections
  • Top 3 reasons of death are
  • Birth defects 24%
  • Low birth weight (1500g) and respiratory distress 18%
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 16%
  • # 1 killer for African Americans is low birth weight and SIDS is #2
  • Native Americans have the highest SIDS rate
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37
Q

Causes of death patterns in African Americans compared with whites

A

All causes are higher than whites except for suicide

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38
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

2nd 4 months of 1st year of life

A
  • Feet in mouth (5mo)
  • Passes toys hand to hand (6mo)
  • Stands with help (8mo)
  • Disappearance of primitive reflexes (palmar [6mo])
  • Rolls front to back (5mo)
  • Rolls and sits, and sits unassisted (6mo)
  • Crawls (8mo)
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39
Q

Leading cause of death in children less than 1 year

A

Congenital anomalies

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40
Q

Causes of death patterns in Asian/Pacific Islanders compared with whites

A

All causes are the same as whites

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41
Q

Holmes and Rahe Scale

Important notes

A
  • Used to quantify stressful life events
  • Death of spouse is weighed as the most stressful event
  • Correlation between stressful life events and developing illness is between +0.3 and +0.4
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42
Q

Social developmental milestones

3rd year of life (Age 2)

A
  • Selfish and self-centered
  • Imitates mannerisms and activities
  • Recognizes self in mirror
  • “No” is a favorite word
  • Parallel play (recreation) (24-36mo)
  • Follows 2-step commands
43
Q

Child abuse facts

A
  • Over 2 million annually
  • Most common type is physical battery/neglect
  • Likely gender of victim before age of 5 is female and after age of 5 is male
  • Likely gender of perpetrator is female
  • It is mandatory reportable offense
44
Q

Suicide Risk Factors

A
  • Previous suicide attempt and feeling of hopelessness are neck to neck the #1 risk factor
  • Family history of suicide and child abuse
  • History of mental illness (particularly clinical depression), alcohol and substance abuse and impulsive or aggressive tendencies
  • Male gender
  • Cultural and religious beliefs
  • Living alone
  • Isolation (a feeling of being cut off from other people)
  • Loss (relational, social, work or financial)
  • Barriers to accessing mental health Rx including unwillingness to seek help because of stigma
  • Physical illness
  • Easy access to lethal methods
  • Local epidemics of suicide
45
Q

Language developmental milestones

1st year of life

A
  • Laughs and squeals (5mo)
  • Babbles (6mo)
  • Orients to voice (4mo) and then to name and gestures (9mo)
  • Object permanence (9mo)
  • Says “mama” and “dada” (10mo)
  • Says first word (11mo)
  • Uses 1-3 words and follows 1-step commands (12mo)
46
Q

Top 5 causes of death in the US

A

1- Heart disease
2- Cancer
3- Chronic lower respiratory disease
4- Stroke (cerebrovascular disease)
5- Accidents (unintentional injuries) [50% vehicles)
note: Intentional self-harm (suicide) is #10

47
Q

Operant conditioning

Notes

A
  • Increase the probability of a response occurrence in the future using a reinforcing event (positive or negative reinforcer)
  • Usually focused on voluntary responses
  • The stimulus occurs after the response
  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Secondary reinforcement
48
Q 
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
(Important notes)
A
  • 70% inherited; mostly from mother
  • General estimate of the functional capacities of a person (it is not absolute but a comparison among people)
  • Mean 100 with standard deviation of 15
  • 80% of autistic children have IQs less than 70
  • Very stable from age 5 onward
  • Increased exposure to verbal behavior early in life leads to a higher IQ
49
Q

Language developmental milestones

3rd year of life (Age 2)

A
  • Uses pronouns
  • Parents understand most
  • Telegraphic sentences
  • Uses 2-word sentences
  • Uses about 200-250 words
  • Identify body parts by pointing
  • Tries to hum or sing and listens to short rhymes
50
Q

Personality Tests

A
  • Objective tests: reliable and valid
  • Criterion referenced
  • Norm referenced: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Big Five Personality test
  • Projective tests: reliability and validity are questionable
  • Rorschach Inkblot test
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • Sentence completion test
  • Projective drawings
51
Q

Hardy Personality type

Important notes

A
  • Clear sense of values, goals, capabilities, an unshakable sense of the meaningfulness of life and a strong sense of control over one’s own fate
  • Least affected by stressful events
52
Q

Therapy/Modification based on classical conditioning

A
  • Systematic desensitization (Rx of anxiety and phobias)
  • Exposure (its extremes are flooding[real] or implosion[virtual])
  • Aversive conditioning (disulfiram in alcoholics)
53
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

6th year of life (Age 5)

A
  • Complete sphincter control
  • Brain at 75% of adult weight
  • Draws recognizable man with head, body and limbs
  • Dresses and undresses self
  • Catches ball with 2 hands
54
Q

Classical conditioning

Notes

A
  • Producing CR by CS alone after pairing UCS with CS.
  • Usually focused on involuntary responses
  • The CS occurs before the response
  • Stimulus generalization
55
Q

Normal grief vs Depression

A
  • Normal grief is 1) normal up to 1 year 2) crying, decreased libido, weight loss, insomnia 3) longing, wish to see loved one, may think they hear or see them in crowd [illusion] 4) loss of other 5) suicidal ideation is rare 6) self-limited [usually less than 6 months] 7) Antidepressants not helpful
  • Depression is 1) after 1 year, sooner if symptoms severe 2) symptoms are same but more severe 3) abnormal overidentification, personality change 4) loss of self 5) suicidal ideation is common 6) symptoms do not stop (may persist for years) 7) Antidepressants helpful
56
Q

Observational or social learning (conditioning)

Notes

A
  • Watching someone else get reinforcement is enough to change behavior
  • Same principles as operant conditioning
57
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

3d 4 months of 1st year of life

A
  • Fear of falling and pulls to stand (9mo)
  • Stands alone and pincer grasp [immature 3-fingers] (10mo)
  • Pincer grasp [mature 2-fingers] (12mo)
  • Walks (12-18mo)
  • Points to objects (12mo)
  • Disappearance of primitive reflexes (Babinski [12mo])
58
Q

Mature Defenses

Enumerate with brief description of each and to which each one is linked to if possible

A
  • Altruism: alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity (mafia boss makes large donation to charity)
  • Humor: appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation (nervous medical student jokes about the boards)
  • Sublimation: replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (one with exhibitionist fantasies becomes a stripper)
  • Suppression: Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness
59
Q

Language developmental milestones

5th year of life (Age 4)

A
  • Can tell detailed stories
  • Uses prepositions
  • Uses plurals
  • Uses past tense
  • Compound sentences
  • Enjoys rhyming
  • Knows colors and some numbers
60
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

5th year of life (Age 4)

A
  • Alternates feet going down stairs
  • Hops on one foot
  • Grooms self (brush teeth)
  • Uses buttons or zippers
  • Counts fingers on hand
61
Q

Treatment of domestic abuse

A
  • Perform screening assessment of the patient’s safety domestically and in their close personal relationships
  • Provide medical care, emotional support and counseling
  • Educate the patient about support services and refer appropriately
  • Documentation is crucial
62
Q

Child sexual abuse facts

A
  • 50% are within family
  • 60% of victims are females
  • Most victims are 9 to 12 years
  • Most likely source: uncle and older sibling, although stepfathers are also more likely
63
Q

Top 3 non-genetic causes of death in US

A
  • Tobacco 19%
  • Diet/activity 14%
  • Alcohol 5%
64
Q

Clinical signs of child abuse

A
  • Broken bones in first year of life, or multiple fractures or bruises at different stages of healing, or spiral fractures
  • STDs in young children
  • 92% of injuries are soft tissue injuries (bruises, burns and lacerations)
  • 5% have no physical signs
  • Non-accidental burns (abuse) are suspected by their patterns like burns of the buttocks or just the arms and sparing the hands. These burns have a particularly poor prognosis
  • Shaken baby syndrome: look for broken blood vessels in eyes
  • Female circumcision
  • Cultural practices such as “coining”, “moxibustion”, “cupping” are not considered as child abuse
65
Q

In domestic abuse the female is more likely being abused if

A
  • Grew up in violent home (about 50%)
  • Married at a young age
  • Perceives self as unable to function alone (dependent)
  • Abused spouses tend to blame themselves for the abuse, identification with the aggressor
  • Pregnant, last trimester (highest risk)
66
Q

Social developmental milestones

Ages 6-12

A
  • “Rules of the game” are key
  • Organized sport possible
  • Being team member is focal for many
  • Separation of the sexes (same sex friends and identification with same sex parent)
  • Sexual feelings not apparent
  • Demonstrating competence is key
  • Development of conscience (superego)
67
Q

Children conception of illness and death

A
  • They see illness as a punishment
  • From birth to 5 years old they really have no conception of death as an irreversible process
  • They fear separation from parent, punishment and mutilation (Freud’s castration anxiety) more than death
  • After age 8 or 9 there is understanding of the universality, inevitability and irreversibility of death
68
Q

Mandatory reportable diseases

A
  • All STDs
  • All diseases that we vaccinate against
  • All types of viral hepatitis
  • Chicken pox, salmonella, T.B., Lyme disease, and Legionnaires
69
Q

Causes of death patterns in Latinos compared with whites

A

All causes are higher than whites except for cancer, cardiovascular disease, infant mortality, and suicide

70
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

4th year of life (Age 3)

A
  • Rides tricycle
  • Stacks 9 cubes (36mo)
  • Bowel and bladder control (toilet training)
  • Alternates feet going up stairs
  • Catches ball with arms
  • Unbutton buttons
71
Q

Defense Mechanisms
By who? which part of psyche? which one of them is the only conscious one? which one is least mature and which one is the most mature one?

A
  • Anna Freud
  • Ego
  • Suppression
  • Regression (least)
  • Sublimation (most)
72
Q

Types of reinforcement

A
  • Either positive (added) or negative (removed)
  • According to schedules:
  • Continuous reinforcement: fastest learning and fastest extinction
  • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement:
    • Fixed Ratio
    • Variable Ratio: slowest learning and slowest extinction (gambling [slot machines])
    • Fixed Interval
    • Variable Interval
73
Q

Teenagers

Important notes

A
  • Identity formation is the key issue (independence and self-definition)
  • Values reflect those of their parents
  • Rebellion is most likely in early teenage years and manifests as minor disagreements regarding hair, music, dress and friends
  • Sexual experimentation with opposite- and same-sex partners is common
74
Q

Rules for dealing with dying patient

A
  • Tell the patient everything
  • Do not give false hope
  • Allow person to talk about feelings
  • Keep involved in activities
  • Avoid social isolation
75
Q

Infant deprivation effects

A
  • Long-term deprivation of affection results in:
  • Failure to thrive
  • Poor language/socialization skills
  • Lack of basic trust
  • Reactive attachment disorder (infant withdrawn/unresponsive to comfort)
  • Deprivation for more than 6 months can lead to irreversible changes
  • Severe deprivation can result in infant death
76
Q

Attachment and loss stages in adults

A
  • Initial phase: last for several weeks, weeping with hostility and protest
  • Intermediate phase (grief, disorganizations): lasts 3 weeks to 1 year and involving sadness, yearning, somatic symptoms, obsessional review, searching for deceased, may believe they see or hear the deceased
  • Recovery phase (reorganization): begins second year after death, memories fade in intensity and reinvestment of energies and interests
77
Q

Language developmental milestones

Ages 6-12

A
  • Shift from egocentric to social speech
  • Incomplete sentences decline
  • Vocabulary expands geometrically (50000 words by age 12)
78
Q

Social developmental milestones

Ages 12+ (Adolescence)

A
  • Identity is critical issue
  • Conformity is most important (11-12y)
  • Organized sports diminish for many
  • Cross-gender relationships
79
Q

Leading cause of death in elderly (over 65)

A

Heart disease

80
Q

Diagnosis and Rx of suicide

A

Dx:

  • Perform a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation
  • Ask about family history, previous attempts, ambivalence toward death, and hopelessness
  • Ask directly about suicidal ideation, intent, and plan, and look for available means

Rx:
- A patient who endorses suicidality requires emergent inpatient hospitalization even against his/her will.

81
Q

Suicide in physicians facts

A
  • Higher rates than general population
  • Psychiatry is the highest (surgeons and family practices rates are comparable)
  • Female physicians suicide rate is 4 times greater than general population and stays high even after controlling for SES.
82
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

5th year of life (Age 4)

A
  • Points to and counts 3 objects
  • Repeats 4 digits
  • Names colors
83
Q

Teen suicide facts

A
  • 60% say that they had a friend who committed suicide
  • Its the highest rate for all ages of Native Americans
  • Psychological autopsy studies shows that almost all had some prior mental illness (bullying is prevalent cause)
  • Best prevention is to identify and address the underlying mental illness or substance abuse. treat the cause not the symptoms
84
Q

Tanner stages or scale (pubic hair)

A
  • Tanner I: no hair (equal or less than 10y)
  • Tanner II: small amount of long downy hair (10-11y)
  • Tanner III: hair is coarse and curly (11-13y)
  • Tanner IV: Adult-like but not on thigh (13-14y)
  • Tanner V: extends to medial thigh (more than 14y)
85
Q

HIV/AIDS facts

A
  • In US HIV-positive prevalence is 1:100 in males and 1:800 in females
  • Most dangerous sexual practice is anal intercourse (especially in heterosexual)
  • HIV can be transmitted by oral sex
  • If patient has AIDS today, most likely homo/bisexual man
  • If patient became HIV-positive recently, most likely IV drug user
  • Risk factors:
  • Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women than the opposite
  • Risk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs during menses
  • Uncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive and contract HIV during sex
86
Q

Cognitive developmental milestones

1st year of life

A
  • Sensation/movement
  • Schemas
  • Assimilation and accommodation
87
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

Ages 6-12

A
  • Boys heavier than girls
  • Permanent teeth (11y)
  • Refined motor skills
  • Rides bicycle
  • Prints letters
  • Gains athletic skill
  • Coordination increases
  • Maturation of eye function
88
Q

Language developmental milestones

6th year of life (Age 5)

A
  • Asks the meaning of words

- Abstract words elusive

89
Q

Suicide in elderly facts

A
  • Rates are 3 to 4 times the rest of population
  • Attempt less often but succeed more often
  • White elderly man is the highest rate of all
  • 25% of all suicides are alcohol related
  • 80% have given some warning (80% have seen a physician in the past 6 months and 50% in the past month)
90
Q

HIV transmission rates

A
  • From single sexual encounter with man who is not a member of a risk group 1 in 5 million
  • From single encounter with man who is a member of high risk group is 1:20 to 1:2
  • Needle-stick 1:250 (1:100-1:1000)
  • Seroconversion from blood transfusion 2:3
91
Q

Applications of curvilinear relationship between anxiety and learning

A
  • Anxiety and performance
  • Fear induction and adherence (health belief model)
  • Motivation and learning
  • Stimulus complexity and personal preferences
  • Postsurgical recovery and anxiety
92
Q

Attachment and loss stages in children age 7 months to 5 years

A
  • Protest: crying, alarm, and aggression
  • Despair: hopes of regaining loved ones fades
  • Detachment: feelings of yearning and anger are repressed
    note: upset is more easily reversed in stages of protest and despair than after detachment has set in
93
Q

Neuropsychologic Tests

A
  • Halsted-Reitan Battery: tests for presence and localization of brain dysfunction
  • Luria Nebraska Battery: tests level of impairment and functioning
  • Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test: screens for brain dysfunction
  • Benton Visual Retention test
  • Wechsler Memory Scale: assesses memory impairment
94
Q

HIV transmission rate in children of HIV-positive mother

A
  • 100% will test positive at birth
  • About 20% remain positive after 1 year
  • Breast-feeding increases transmission rate to 50%
  • AZT reduces risk by half (to about 10%) and AZT combined with C-section reduces it to 5%
95
Q

Suicide facts

A
  • Suicides outnumber homicides in US
  • Men commit suicide more than women, but women attempt it more
  • Firearms are the most likely method by which either men or women commit suicide.
  • Pills/poisons are the most likely method for women to attempt suicide
  • For ages 15-24 it is the third leading cause of death after homicides and accidents
  • For ages 25-35 it is the second leading cause
96
Q

Therapy/Modification based on operant conditioning

A
  • Shaping: autistic boy learning to speak
  • Extinction
  • Stimulus control: bed is only for sleep (insomnia)
  • Biofeedback: Rx of hypertension, migraine, muscle-contraction headaches, Raynaud syndrome, torticollis, cardiac arrhythmias and anxiety
  • Fading: gradually replacing post-operative painkiller with a placebo
97
Q

Cancer rates and mortality

A 
After skin cancers which are most common cancer incidence for both sexes are
For males
 * Lung (#1 death, #2 incidence)
 * Prostate (#2 death, #1 incidence)
 * Colorectal (#3 both)
For females
 * Lung (#1 death, #2 incidence)
 * Breast (#2 death, #1 incidence)
 * Colorectal (#3 both)
98
Q

IQ scaling methods

A
  • Mental age method: (MA/CA)*100
    MA= median test score for a given age
    CA= actual age of the person taking the test
  • Deviation from norm method: look up the score on a standardized tables
  • Error margin for both methods is +/- 5 points
99
Q

Language developmental milestones

4th year of life (Age 3)

A
  • Complete sentences
  • Uses 900 words
  • Strangers can understand
  • Recognizes common objects in pictures
  • Can answer “tell me what we wear on our feet?” or “which block is bigger?”
  • Asks short questions
100
Q

Language developmental milestones

2nd year of life (Age 1)

A
  • Great variation in timing of language development

- Uses 10 words (18mo)

101
Q

Physical and motor developmental milestones

1st 4 months of 1st year of life

A
  • Puts everything in mouth
  • Sit with support (4 months)
  • Follows objects to mid-line (4 weeks)
  • Follows objects past mid-line (2mo)
  • Lifts head up prone (1 month)
  • Disappearance of primitive reflexes (Moro [3mo] and rooting [4mo])
  • Rolls back to front (4mo)
  • Grasps rattle (4mo)
102
Q

Marriage and divorce in US facts

A
  • 50% of all marriages end in divorce
  • US has the sixth highest rate of divorce worldwide
  • Married individuals have a higher Well-being Index score than any other unmarried catigories
  • Divorce rates are higher for children of divorced parents, couples who marry young, low SES and very high SES (including physicians)
  • Divorced persons have the highest rates of hospitalization for mental disorders
  • The highest rates of divorce for both males and females are for those who married at age of (20-24) and the least rates are for those who married at age of (35-39)
103
Q

Elder abuse facts

A
  • Prevalence rate 5 to 10%
  • Includes physical, psychological, financial or neglect
  • Neglect is the most common type (50%)
  • Likely gender of victim is female (63%) and the perpetrator is the caretaker (male or female)
  • Mandatory reportable offense
104
Q

Suicide in patients with mental illness facts

A
  • Persons discharged from mental hospitals are 34 times more likely to commit suicide than general population
  • Percentage according to illness are
  • Depression 15%
  • Alcoholism 15%
  • Schizophrenia 10%
  • Borderline personality disorder 5%

Behavioral Sciences (6 decks)

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