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Psychology Flashcards

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GRE® Vocabulary flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

E. O Wilson

A

“Father of Sociobiology” ; studied evolution and biological bases of social behavior
-Stated that aggression, atruism, and sexual behavior can evolve through natural selection

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2
Q

Tryon

A

Research on “maze bright” vs. “Maze dull” rats

Reproducing maze bright rats with other maze bright rats produced offspring that was increasingly “maze bright”

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3
Q

Lorenz

A

“Father of ethology” (animal behavior) Imprinting of geese

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4
Q

Tinbergen

A

Research on aggressive and sexual behavior in sticklebackfish.

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5
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Studied memory in nonsense syllables
Coined the “forgetting curve and retention curve”
Coined “method of savings” in relearning

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6
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Cognitive map: mental representation of a physical space (in getting through a maze)

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7
Q

John Garcia

A

Garcia Effect:Classical conditioning in rats-taste aversion only occurs when we associate certain stimuli with certain consequences. Rats associated noise with a physical pain, and associated ingesting food with feeling ill.

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8
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational Learning: children view adult hitting doll- they hit doll (bobo doll)

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9
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Nativist Theory: language acquisition is innate and biologically driven; critical periods exist

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10
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis

A

Benjamin Whorf: Language determines how we perceive the world

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11
Q

Premack Principle

A

A more preferred activity is used to reinforce a less preferred activity (tv after homework)

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12
Q

B.F. Skinner

A 
Developed principles of OPERANT CONDTIONING
Positive Reinforcement 
Negative Reinforcement 
Punishment
Extinction
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13
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio

A

Organism receives reinforcement only after a fixed number of responses (five lever presses= food)

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14
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (food comes on any lever press, but does follow a lever press)

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15
Q

Schedule of reinforcement that is most resitant to extinction?

A

Variable Ration “very resistant” - also produces most rapid response EX. Gambling

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15
Q

J. Wolpe

A

Developed systematic desensitization to eliminate phobia

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15
Q

J. Watson

A

Little Albert study

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16
Q

Edward Titchner

A

Structralist- used introspection to understand mental structures and processes

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17
Q

Pavivo’s Dual Code Hypothesis

A

Memory: information can be sotred/encoded in two ways: visually and verbally

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18
Q

Zeigarnik Effect

A

Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones

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19
Q

Guilford

A

Famous attempt to measure creativity “Test of Divergent Thinking.” Subject was to determine the different uses for an object such as a brick

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20
Q

Macoby, E and Kacklin, C

A

Found better verbal skills in girls in their research

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21
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Divided intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence

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22
Q

Bartlett

A

Schemata is important in memory

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23
Q

Standard deviation

A

The distance each score is from the mean score

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24
Q

Variance

A

the ST Dev. Squared. How much score varies from the mean

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25
Q

What are the two types of ability tests?

A

Aptitude and Achievement
Aptitude: predict possible accomplishment through training
Achievement: assess what one can do now

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26
Q

“Barnum Effect’

A

Tendency for people to accept the interpretation of their personality that is given to them

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27
Q

4 Stages of Prenatal Development are:

A

Zygote, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, and Fetal Period

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28
Q

William Sheldon

A

Theory of personality categorized people based on body type and related this to personality

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29
Q

Dorthea Dix

A

Advocated for treating mentally I’ll humanely

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29
Q

Emil kraepelin

A

Published textbook categorizing mental disorders which would later produce the DSMIV

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29
Q

Freuds death instinct was called

A

Thantos

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30
Q

Freuds life instinct was called

A

Eros

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31
Q

Freuds repression

A

Unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memoirs

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32
Q

Freuds suppression

A

Deliberate forgetting of anxiety producing thoughts

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33
Q

Freuds projection

A

When a person attributes his forbidden urges onto others

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34
Q

Freuds sublimation

A

Transforming an unacceptable behavior into something acceptable

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35
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Psychodynamic theorist known for the inferiority complex

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36
Q

PKU or phenylketonuria

A

Genetic disorder is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. Body cannot digest an enzyme in milk and other foods

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37
Q

Downs syndrome

A

Genetic abnormality of the 21st chromosome

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38
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A

Genetic disorder where men possess an extra x chromosome resulting in XXY.they are sterile and suffer from retardation

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39
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Genetic disorder;females have oneX chromosome the result is a failure to develop secondary sex characteristics

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40
Q

Adaptation(Piaget)

A

Involves two processes-assimilation and accommodation
In assimilation a child interprets new info into a current schemata

In accommodation new information does not fit and the schemata must be modified to adapt to new info

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41
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Studied cognitive development and stressed the importance of zone o proximal development ( point in time where child is learning and needs guidance and help to succeed)

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42
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial theory that development occurs through life crises

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43
Q

John Bowlby

A

Studied children in orphanages and identified various stages of attachment including separation anxiety-do not confuse w attachment styles

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44
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Study of the strange situation to determine different types of attachment including secure, insecure/resistant,and insecure/avoidant

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45
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Studied moral development-determined 3 phases of moral development
Preconventional-right and wrong defined by punishment and reward
Conventional-social rules and approval
Post conventional-ensure a greater good and universal ethics

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46
Q

Carol gilligan

A

Criticized Kohlberg and asserted that morality is different between boys and girls

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47
Q

Diane Baumrind

A

Researched and determined three parenting styles- authoritarian,authoritative, and permissive

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48
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

Temperament study on infants. Easy difficult or slow to warm up

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49
Q

Cerlett and Bini

A

Introduced electroshock therapy to produce seizures in psychotic patients

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50
Q

Carl Jung

A

Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over libido. He divided the unconscious into personal and collective unconscious

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51
Q

Jung’s archetypes

A

Persona anima animus shadow and self

PAASS

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52
Q

Jung’s 4 psychological functions

A

Thinking,feeling, sensing, and intuiting

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53
Q

Anna Freud

A

Founder of ego psychology

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54
Q

Karen Horney

A

Psychodynamic theorist who suggested three ways of relating towards others: moving toward, moving away from, and moving against

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55
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Studies of learned helplessness in dogs-related this to depression and locus of control

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56
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist psychologist who used client centered therapy to give client control to take action of their destiny

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57
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A 
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus 
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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58
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Nerves that hold together two hemispheres of the brain

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59
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna

Ear canal

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60
Q

Middle ear

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

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61
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea

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62
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Existence of synapses

63
Q

Johannes Muller

A

Law of specific energies-each nerve is only excited by one kind of energy ( light or vibration)

64
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

Transmit info to brain an spinal chord

65
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Transmit info from brain and spinal chord to muscles

66
Q

Walter cannon

A

Physiologist who studied ANS fight or flight reactions and homeostasis

67
Q

James Lange two factors theory of emotion

A

We recognize emotions AFTER body reacts

68
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Theory of emotion stating that physiological reactions and emotions occur simultaneously

69
Q

Schacter and Singer two factor theory of emotion

A

Emotion occurs after arousal an a cognitive interpretation of arousal

70
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment in language function

71
Q

Amnesia

A

Impairment in memory function

72
Q

Agnosia

A

Impairment in the perceptual recognition of objects

73
Q

Apraxia

A

Impaired motor movements

74
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Impaired spoken language

75
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

Impaired ability to comprehend language and spoken language

76
Q

Structures in Limbic system

A

Septum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Associated w emotion and memory

77
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Coordinates muscle movement

78
Q

Main functions of forebrain

A

Complex thinking
Movement
Emotion and memory
Hunger thirst

79
Q

Parts of midbrain and main function

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

Sensorimotor reflexe

80
Q

Hindbrain parts

A

Cerebellum
Medulla
Reticular formation

81
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Motor movement

82
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Arousal and alertness

83
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Cog and behavioral processes

84
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay station

85
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hunger thirst emotiob

86
Q

Septal area function

A

Pleasure center of brain

87
Q

James olds and Peter Milner

A

Discovered septal area in rats-pleasure center

88
Q

Amygdala functions

A

Defense aggression fear

89
Q

Left or non dominant hemisphere functions

A

Language
Math
Movement

90
Q

Right hemisphere dominant functions

A

Emotion
Faces
Music

91
Q

Roger Sperry and Mike Gazzaniga

A

Studied the severed corpus collosum in split brain patients

92
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Studied Neural networks in sea snails with large nerve cells

93
Q

3 catecholamines

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

94
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

Memory disturbance in alcoholics

95
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Sexual functioning

96
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A

Studied individual brain cells in cats
Theory: feature detection of cells
Certain cells in cortex re sensitive to certain stimuli

97
Q

Fetchners law

A

Law which expresses relationship between intensity of a stimulus and intensity of a situation

98
Q

Place theory

A

Hemholtz and Young

Each different pitch causes different place in basilar membrane to vibrate

99
Q

Physiological zero

A

The tempurature of ones skin which is used to perceive other temperatures around us

100
Q

Yerkes Dodson law

A

Law stating that performance is worst at extremely low or high levels of arousal

101
Q

Ernst weber introduced

A

Just noticeable difference

102
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Unconditional positive regard needed for congruence

In congruence occurs = abnormal behavior

103
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Indifference or coldness towards others; social isolation

104
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Peculiar thoughts and behaviors poor interpersonal relationships- some think they have magic powers

105
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Exaggeration of emotion ad attention seeking behavior

106
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Failure to conform to social or legal codes lack of guilt or anxiety and irresponsible behavior

107
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Intense mood fluctuations as well as fluctuations in relationships an self image

108
Q

Ten personality disorders

A 
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Borderline
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive compulsive
109
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency with which test measures. If you retest will the result be the same

110
Q

Validity

A

Does test measure what it should

111
Q

Type I error

A

Null is true but researcher rejected null

112
Q

Type II error

A

Null is false but was accepted

Also called beta

113
Q

T-test is used to…

A

Compare two group means

114
Q

ANOVA is used when…

A

You have more than two groups and are looking at group means

115
Q

Chi squares test is used when…

A

You have individual observations or nominal data as opposed to numerical

116
Q

Terman, L did what

A

Revised Binet Simon intelligence test

117
Q

Stern developed

A

Concept of ratio IQ

118
Q

Morgan & Murray

A

Thematic apperception test to measure personality

119
Q

auto kinetic effect

A

Illusion that a light is moving in a dark room because there is no point of reference

120
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Also known as apparent motion or stroboscopic movement

When two or more stationary lights flicker in succession thy are perceived as one moving light

121
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Non sensory factor influence what a person senses

This includes experiences motives and expectations

122
Q

John swets

A

ROC curve- associated with signal detection experiments

This curve summarizes a subjects responses to perceives signals in laboratory

123
Q

What do all sensory information processing systems have in common

A

Reception: receptors react to stimulus

Transduction: the energy is translated into neural impulses to produce action potentials

Projection: areas that send messages along neural pathways so nervous system can process the stimulus

124
Q

Interposition/ overlap

A

I’d one object covers another the hidden object appears further away

125
Q

Relative size

A

Cue for depth perception

You can tell how far away something is by comparing it to other objects

126
Q

Linear perspective

A

In a distance parallel lines appear to converge

127
Q

Motion parallax

A

When an observer moves other objects appear to move as well

128
Q

Binocular disparilty(stereopsis)

A

Each eye sees a slightly different scene web the brain combines the scenes we get depth perception

129
Q

Rods

A

Helps eye see in dim light
See achromatic colors
More rods than cones

130
Q

Cone

A

Aids in color vision, fine detail, effective in bright light

131
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A

When we mix pigments together such as paints

132
Q

Additive color mixing

A

Lighting associated with color

What our eyes see when we see color is actually light

133
Q

Most important concepts to consider when viewing abstract perceptual objects such as the “ face vase” is …

A

Figure: main visual
Ground:background

134
Q

Five laws that explain from perception (face vase )

A 
Proximity
Similarity
Good continuation
Closure
PragnanZ
135
Q

Law of proximity in perception of form

A

Elements close together tend to be perceived as one unit

136
Q

Law of similarity in perception of form

A

Objects that are similar tend to e grouped togetger

137
Q

Law of good continuation in perception

A

Elements that appear to be going in the same direction tend to be grouped together

138
Q

Law of closure in perception

A

Tendency to see incomplete figures as complete

139
Q

Law of pragnaz in perception

A

Law that takes every aspect of perception into consideration and determines that perceptual organization will always be regular simple and symmetric as possible

140
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Theory of isomorphism

There is a one to one correspondence between object in perceptual field and pattern o stimulation in the brain

141
Q

Emmerts Law

A

Describes relationship between size constancy and apparent distance

Size constancy depends on apparent distance the further away an object is the more our eyes will enlarge it

142
Q

Ames room

A

Illusion produced by trapezoid shape room

Two same height men appear different sizes when you look trough a peephole

143
Q

Moon illusion

A

Moon appears larger on the horizon than anywhere else because it can be compared to large buildings

144
Q

Muller Lyer illusion

A

Two horizontal lines are the same size but look different sizes because of arrows at the end

145
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

Who horizontal lines appear different sizes because they are in different parts of a triangle

146
Q

Poggendorff illusion

A

A diagonal line is split by two parallel lines that cut it in half

147
Q

Herring and Wundt illusions

A

Two horizontal lines are straight an parallel and are inside a circle and the other is inside a diamond shape

148
Q

Two methods of studying infant vision

A

Preferential looking an habituation

149
Q

Fantz found that infants preferred to look at

A

Complex figures
Socially relevant stimuli
Mothers face
And prefer patterns over solids

150
Q

At birth infants can see what

A 
Follow an object or light
Perceive color
Simple figures
Sharp contrast
See in dim light
151
Q

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

A

Developed visual cliff to study infant depth perception

At 6 months infants will not cross

152
Q

Object relations theory

A

Psychodynamic theory
People develop in relation to others in adulthood based on childhood experiences “ object” actually means person usually mother or father

153
Q

Proposagnosia is

A

An inability to detect differences among faces

154
Q

Purposive behaviorism

A

Branch of psych introduced by Edward Tolman that combines study of behavior while considering the goal or purpose of th behavior

155
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language

156
Q

Top down processing

A

Large chunk processing

We focus our attention on the big picture first then fine detail

157
Q

Existential therapy

A

Therapy that focuses on the human condition and meaning of life

Lacks specific therapeutic techniques

158
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for group discussion to lead to more risky result or more cautious depending in if the group members are cautious or risky to begin with

159
Q

Groupthink

A

Decision making tendency that groups strive for consensus by avoiding discordant information

GRE Vocab (3 decks)

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