Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
E. O Wilson
A
“Father of Sociobiology” ; studied evolution and biological bases of social behavior
-Stated that aggression, atruism, and sexual behavior can evolve through natural selection
2
Q
Tryon
A
Research on “maze bright” vs. “Maze dull” rats
Reproducing maze bright rats with other maze bright rats produced offspring that was increasingly “maze bright”
3
Q
Lorenz
A
“Father of ethology” (animal behavior) Imprinting of geese
4
Q
Tinbergen
A
Research on aggressive and sexual behavior in sticklebackfish.
5
Q
Ebbinghaus
A
Studied memory in nonsense syllables
Coined the “forgetting curve and retention curve”
Coined “method of savings” in relearning
6
Q
Edward Tolman
A
Cognitive map: mental representation of a physical space (in getting through a maze)
7
Q
John Garcia
A
Garcia Effect:Classical conditioning in rats-taste aversion only occurs when we associate certain stimuli with certain consequences. Rats associated noise with a physical pain, and associated ingesting food with feeling ill.
8
Q
Albert Bandura
A
Observational Learning: children view adult hitting doll- they hit doll (bobo doll)
9
Q
Noam Chomsky
A
Nativist Theory: language acquisition is innate and biologically driven; critical periods exist
10
Q
Whorfian Hypothesis
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Benjamin Whorf: Language determines how we perceive the world
11
Q
Premack Principle
A
A more preferred activity is used to reinforce a less preferred activity (tv after homework)
12
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
Developed principles of OPERANT CONDTIONING Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Extinction
13
Q
Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio
A
Organism receives reinforcement only after a fixed number of responses (five lever presses= food)
14
Q
Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable Ratio
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Reinforcement after a varying number of responses (food comes on any lever press, but does follow a lever press)
15
Q
Schedule of reinforcement that is most resitant to extinction?
A
Variable Ration “very resistant” - also produces most rapid response EX. Gambling
15
Q
J. Wolpe
A
Developed systematic desensitization to eliminate phobia
15
Q
J. Watson
A
Little Albert study
16
Q
Edward Titchner
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Structralist- used introspection to understand mental structures and processes
17
Q
Pavivo’s Dual Code Hypothesis
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Memory: information can be sotred/encoded in two ways: visually and verbally
18
Q
Zeigarnik Effect
A
Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones
19
Q
Guilford
A
Famous attempt to measure creativity “Test of Divergent Thinking.” Subject was to determine the different uses for an object such as a brick
20
Q
Macoby, E and Kacklin, C
A
Found better verbal skills in girls in their research
21
Q
Raymond Cattell
A
Divided intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence
22
Q
Bartlett
A
Schemata is important in memory
23
Standard deviation
The distance each score is from the mean score
24
Variance
the ST Dev. Squared. How much score varies from the mean
25
What are the two types of ability tests?
Aptitude and Achievement
Aptitude: predict possible accomplishment through training
Achievement: assess what one can do now
26
"Barnum Effect'
Tendency for people to accept the interpretation of their personality that is given to them
27
4 Stages of Prenatal Development are:
Zygote, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, and Fetal Period
28
William Sheldon
Theory of personality categorized people based on body type and related this to personality
29
Dorthea Dix
Advocated for treating mentally I'll humanely
29
Emil kraepelin
Published textbook categorizing mental disorders which would later produce the DSMIV
29
Freuds death instinct was called
Thantos
30
Freuds life instinct was called
Eros
31
Freuds repression
Unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memoirs
32
Freuds suppression
Deliberate forgetting of anxiety producing thoughts
33
Freuds projection
When a person attributes his forbidden urges onto others
34
Freuds sublimation
Transforming an unacceptable behavior into something acceptable
35
Alfred Adler
Psychodynamic theorist known for the inferiority complex
36
PKU or phenylketonuria
Genetic disorder is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. Body cannot digest an enzyme in milk and other foods
37
Downs syndrome
Genetic abnormality of the 21st chromosome
38
Klinefelters syndrome
Genetic disorder where men possess an extra x chromosome resulting in XXY.they are sterile and suffer from retardation
39
Turners syndrome
Genetic disorder;females have oneX chromosome the result is a failure to develop secondary sex characteristics
40
Adaptation(Piaget)
Involves two processes-assimilation and accommodation
In assimilation a child interprets new info into a current schemata
In accommodation new information does not fit and the schemata must be modified to adapt to new info
41
Lev Vygotsky
Studied cognitive development and stressed the importance of zone o proximal development ( point in time where child is learning and needs guidance and help to succeed)
42
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial theory that development occurs through life crises
43
John Bowlby
Studied children in orphanages and identified various stages of attachment including separation anxiety-do not confuse w attachment styles
44
Mary Ainsworth
Study of the strange situation to determine different types of attachment including secure, insecure/resistant,and insecure/avoidant
45
Lawrence Kohlberg
Studied moral development-determined 3 phases of moral development
Preconventional-right and wrong defined by punishment and reward
Conventional-social rules and approval
Post conventional-ensure a greater good and universal ethics
46
Carol gilligan
Criticized Kohlberg and asserted that morality is different between boys and girls
47
Diane Baumrind
Researched and determined three parenting styles- authoritarian,authoritative, and permissive
48
Thomas and Chess
Temperament study on infants. Easy difficult or slow to warm up
49
Cerlett and Bini
Introduced electroshock therapy to produce seizures in psychotic patients
50
Carl Jung
Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over libido. He divided the unconscious into personal and collective unconscious
51
Jung's archetypes
Persona anima animus shadow and self
PAASS
52
Jung's 4 psychological functions
Thinking,feeling, sensing, and intuiting
53
Anna Freud
Founder of ego psychology
54
Karen Horney
Psychodynamic theorist who suggested three ways of relating towards others: moving toward, moving away from, and moving against
55
Martin Seligman
Studies of learned helplessness in dogs-related this to depression and locus of control
56
Carl Rogers
Humanist psychologist who used client centered therapy to give client control to take action of their destiny
57
Parts of the forebrain
```
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
```
58
Corpus collosum
Nerves that hold together two hemispheres of the brain
59
Outer ear
Pinna
| Ear canal
60
Middle ear
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
61
Inner ear
Cochlea
62
Sir Charles Sherrington
Existence of synapses
63
Johannes Muller
Law of specific energies-each nerve is only excited by one kind of energy ( light or vibration)
64
Sensory/afferent neurons
Transmit info to brain an spinal chord
65
Motor/efferent neurons
Transmit info from brain and spinal chord to muscles
66
Walter cannon
Physiologist who studied ANS fight or flight reactions and homeostasis
67
James Lange two factors theory of emotion
We recognize emotions AFTER body reacts
68
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Theory of emotion stating that physiological reactions and emotions occur simultaneously
69
Schacter and Singer two factor theory of emotion
Emotion occurs after arousal an a cognitive interpretation of arousal
70
Aphasia
Impairment in language function
71
Amnesia
Impairment in memory function
72
Agnosia
Impairment in the perceptual recognition of objects
73
Apraxia
Impaired motor movements
74
Brocas aphasia
Impaired spoken language
75
Wernickes aphasia
Impaired ability to comprehend language and spoken language
76
Structures in Limbic system
Septum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Associated w emotion and memory
77
Basal ganglia function
Coordinates muscle movement
78
Main functions of forebrain
Complex thinking
Movement
Emotion and memory
Hunger thirst
79
Parts of midbrain and main function
Inferior and superior colliculi
| Sensorimotor reflexe
80
Hindbrain parts
Cerebellum
Medulla
Reticular formation
81
Cerebellum function
Motor movement
82
Reticular formation function
Arousal and alertness
83
Cerebral cortex function
Cog and behavioral processes
84
Thalamus function
Sensory relay station
85
Hypothalamus function
Hunger thirst emotiob
86
Septal area function
Pleasure center of brain
87
James olds and Peter Milner
Discovered septal area in rats-pleasure center
88
Amygdala functions
Defense aggression fear
89
Left or non dominant hemisphere functions
Language
Math
Movement
90
Right hemisphere dominant functions
Emotion
Faces
Music
91
Roger Sperry and Mike Gazzaniga
Studied the severed corpus collosum in split brain patients
92
Eric Kandel
Studied Neural networks in sea snails with large nerve cells
93
3 catecholamines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
94
Korsakoff syndrome
Memory disturbance in alcoholics
95
Hypothalamus functions
Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Sexual functioning
96
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Studied individual brain cells in cats
Theory: feature detection of cells
Certain cells in cortex re sensitive to certain stimuli
97
Fetchners law
Law which expresses relationship between intensity of a stimulus and intensity of a situation
98
Place theory
Hemholtz and Young
| Each different pitch causes different place in basilar membrane to vibrate
99
Physiological zero
The tempurature of ones skin which is used to perceive other temperatures around us
100
Yerkes Dodson law
Law stating that performance is worst at extremely low or high levels of arousal
101
Ernst weber introduced
Just noticeable difference
102
Carl Rogers
Unconditional positive regard needed for congruence
| In congruence occurs = abnormal behavior
103
Schizoid personality disorder
Indifference or coldness towards others; social isolation
104
Schizotypal personality disorder
Peculiar thoughts and behaviors poor interpersonal relationships- some think they have magic powers
105
Histrionic personality disorder
Exaggeration of emotion ad attention seeking behavior
106
Antisocial personality disorder
Failure to conform to social or legal codes lack of guilt or anxiety and irresponsible behavior
107
Borderline personality disorder
Intense mood fluctuations as well as fluctuations in relationships an self image
108
Ten personality disorders
```
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Borderline
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive compulsive
```
109
Reliability
Consistency with which test measures. If you retest will the result be the same
110
Validity
Does test measure what it should
111
Type I error
Null is true but researcher rejected null
112
Type II error
Null is false but was accepted
| Also called beta
113
T-test is used to...
Compare two group means
114
ANOVA is used when...
You have more than two groups and are looking at group means
115
Chi squares test is used when...
You have individual observations or nominal data as opposed to numerical
116
Terman, L did what
Revised Binet Simon intelligence test
117
Stern developed
Concept of ratio IQ
118
Morgan & Murray
Thematic apperception test to measure personality
119
auto kinetic effect
Illusion that a light is moving in a dark room because there is no point of reference
120
Phi phenomenon
Also known as apparent motion or stroboscopic movement
When two or more stationary lights flicker in succession thy are perceived as one moving light
121
Signal detection theory
Non sensory factor influence what a person senses
| This includes experiences motives and expectations
122
John swets
ROC curve- associated with signal detection experiments
| This curve summarizes a subjects responses to perceives signals in laboratory
123
What do all sensory information processing systems have in common
Reception: receptors react to stimulus
Transduction: the energy is translated into neural impulses to produce action potentials
Projection: areas that send messages along neural pathways so nervous system can process the stimulus
124
Interposition/ overlap
I'd one object covers another the hidden object appears further away
125
Relative size
Cue for depth perception
| You can tell how far away something is by comparing it to other objects
126
Linear perspective
In a distance parallel lines appear to converge
127
Motion parallax
When an observer moves other objects appear to move as well
128
Binocular disparilty(stereopsis)
Each eye sees a slightly different scene web the brain combines the scenes we get depth perception
129
Rods
Helps eye see in dim light
See achromatic colors
More rods than cones
130
Cone
Aids in color vision, fine detail, effective in bright light
131
Subtractive color mixing
When we mix pigments together such as paints
132
Additive color mixing
Lighting associated with color
| What our eyes see when we see color is actually light
133
Most important concepts to consider when viewing abstract perceptual objects such as the " face vase" is ...
Figure: main visual
Ground:background
134
Five laws that explain from perception (face vase )
```
Proximity
Similarity
Good continuation
Closure
PragnanZ
```
135
Law of proximity in perception of form
Elements close together tend to be perceived as one unit
136
Law of similarity in perception of form
Objects that are similar tend to e grouped togetger
137
Law of good continuation in perception
Elements that appear to be going in the same direction tend to be grouped together
138
Law of closure in perception
Tendency to see incomplete figures as complete
139
Law of pragnaz in perception
Law that takes every aspect of perception into consideration and determines that perceptual organization will always be regular simple and symmetric as possible
140
Wolfgang Kohler
Theory of isomorphism
| There is a one to one correspondence between object in perceptual field and pattern o stimulation in the brain
141
Emmerts Law
Describes relationship between size constancy and apparent distance
Size constancy depends on apparent distance the further away an object is the more our eyes will enlarge it
142
Ames room
Illusion produced by trapezoid shape room
| Two same height men appear different sizes when you look trough a peephole
143
Moon illusion
Moon appears larger on the horizon than anywhere else because it can be compared to large buildings
144
Muller Lyer illusion
Two horizontal lines are the same size but look different sizes because of arrows at the end
145
Ponzo illusion
Who horizontal lines appear different sizes because they are in different parts of a triangle
146
Poggendorff illusion
A diagonal line is split by two parallel lines that cut it in half
147
Herring and Wundt illusions
Two horizontal lines are straight an parallel and are inside a circle and the other is inside a diamond shape
148
Two methods of studying infant vision
Preferential looking an habituation
149
Fantz found that infants preferred to look at
Complex figures
Socially relevant stimuli
Mothers face
And prefer patterns over solids
150
At birth infants can see what
```
Follow an object or light
Perceive color
Simple figures
Sharp contrast
See in dim light
```
151
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
Developed visual cliff to study infant depth perception
| At 6 months infants will not cross
152
Object relations theory
Psychodynamic theory
People develop in relation to others in adulthood based on childhood experiences " object" actually means person usually mother or father
153
Proposagnosia is
An inability to detect differences among faces
154
Purposive behaviorism
Branch of psych introduced by Edward Tolman that combines study of behavior while considering the goal or purpose of th behavior
155
Morpheme
Smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language
156
Top down processing
Large chunk processing
| We focus our attention on the big picture first then fine detail
157
Existential therapy
Therapy that focuses on the human condition and meaning of life
Lacks specific therapeutic techniques
158
Group polarization
Tendency for group discussion to lead to more risky result or more cautious depending in if the group members are cautious or risky to begin with
159
Groupthink
Decision making tendency that groups strive for consensus by avoiding discordant information
