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PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define PSYCHOLOGY

A

It is the scientific study of animal and human behavior as well as mental processes

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2
Q

Define BEHAVIOR

A

These are actions displayed by human beings that are observable & measurable

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3
Q

Define PERSONALITY

A

This is the sum total of all behaviours & mental characteristics by means of which makes an individual unique

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4
Q

Define CHARACTER TRAITS

A

These are elements that make up the personality of an individual

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5
Q

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

A

describe, explain, predict, control, improvement

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6
Q

IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING CHILDREN’S PERSONALITY TYPES & TEMPERAMENTS

A
  1. it helps to discover children’s strengths/talents & nurture them accordingly
  2. it helps to identify children’s weaknesses, accept those weaknesses as you make an effort to improve them.
  3. helps improve relationships with children
  4. helps in having a better understanding of children.
  5. Helps to learn to appreciate & respect individual differences in children
  6. helps to allocate tasks/activities according to the uniqueness of children
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7
Q

CHILDREN’S PLAY

A

it is any spontaneous activity done for fun/enjoyment

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8
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN’S PLAY

A
  1. it is intrinsically motivating-children do not expect a reward for engaging in play
  2. it is a spontaneous activity since children are not forced
  3. It is an active process since children are kind of busy as they play
  4. it is flexible/unstructured - play activities can change at any given time
  5. it involves a lot of pretense - children assume roles of others or pretend to be something else during play
  6. it is a pleasurable activity since children experience enjoyment & fun while they play
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9
Q

TYPES OF CHILDREN’S PLAY

A
  1. Solitary Play - below 3 yrs - child plays on their own
  2. Parallel play - btw 2-3yrs-children play near each other without much social interaction
  3. Social play - classified into two:-
    i) Associative play - similar to parallel play but with
    social interaction
    ii)Cooperative play - common among old preschool children. all social skills are displayed e.g cooperating, sharing, leadership, communication and teamwork.
  4. Symbolic play - (9mnth - 2yrs) children involve themselves in activities using objects as symbols. e.g a kid using a piece of wood and pushing it like a car.
  5. Pretense play - kids pretend to be something in the surrounding environment. e.g doctor, driver, farmer.
  6. Dramatic play - Children act out an experience ora scene from a story, television
  7. Constructive play - children engage in creating or making something. e.g. building a tower using blocks, maize cobs, bottle tops.
  8. onlooker play - a child takes an interest in other children’s play activities by watching them ply but not joining in.
  9. Motor(Physical) play - when children run, jump, and play games such as racing and tag.
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10
Q

IMPORTANCE OF PLAY IN CHILD GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Mental/congitive development - play promotes thinking, reasoning & understanding.
  2. Social development - play provides an opportunity to interact & learn to live together in harmony. social skills learnt include sharing, turn taking, teamwork, communication, leadership
  3. Emotional development - play helps children learn to control and express their feelings appropriately.
  4. Physical development - Play helps in the development of strong & healthy bones.
  5. Language development - Children develop their vocabulary as they learn new words about things in the environment
  6. Moral development - helps children learn about morals such as respect of elders and how to behave with others.
  7. Aesthetic development - helps in enhancing appreciation & expression of beauty in various forms.
  8. Spiritual development - as most play activities are conducted in the natural environment, the children learn that there is a higher Supernatural Being (God) who created all that they are seeing and using.
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11
Q

THE ROLE OF CAREGIVERS IN CHILDREN’S PLAY

A
  1. Ensuring the safety of children so that play can be a free activity
  2. Allocating adequate time for children’s to play.
  3. Providing sufficient materials for children to play with
  4. Participating in children’s play in order to motivate them.
  5. Modifying they play environment by adding new things and making the play activities to be more challenging for children to master many skills
  6. Use teachable moments to introduce new skills & concepts.
  7. Encourage all children to participate in play
  8. Ensure children are well nourished because play consumes a lot of body energy
  9. teach children social skills such as turn taking, sharing and team work
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12
Q

LEARNING

A

It is a relatively permanent change in behavior of an individual as a result of experience.

  • Relatively permanent - for learning to be said to have taken place behavior acquired should last somehow for a long time
  • Change in behavior - for learning to be said to have taken place there has to be transformation in the behavior of an individual.
  • Experience - Learning takes place due to an experience one goes through such as training experience.
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13
Q

WAYS CHILDREN LEARN

A
  1. imitation/Modeling - Children learn from the example set by models in their lives such as teachers, parents, siblings
  2. Exploration & discovery - Children learn as they move around in the environment and manipulate things.
  3. Observation/use of senses - Children learn how to use senses such us sight, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting
  4. Trial & Error - Children learn from experimenting with things, making mistakes along the way and learning from the mistakes
  5. Repetition - Children learn by practicing a given skill over & over again
  6. Corrections - Children tend to make mistakes and then caregivers tell them how something should have been done.
  7. Play - Play can be used as a means of acquiring many concepts and skills
  8. Reinforcements - refers to consequences/actions that follow given behavior. it can be positive or negative
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14
Q

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LEARNING

A

a) Hereditary Factors

b) Environmental Factors

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15
Q

Hereditary Factors that influence Learning

A
  1. Intelligence - it is the ability of a person to think & understand
  2. Sex - Distinction BTW a man and a woman. there are some skills that are acquired at different rates depending on the sex of a person
  3. Motivational Level - it determines if a person will be interested to focus in a given learning activity
  4. Talents - a talent is a special ability that stands out from other possessed abilities.
  5. Age - Determines if an individual will be physically & mentally ready to perform a given task.
  6. Emotional status - How stable a person is emotional determines how ready he/she will be to learn
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16
Q

Environmental Factors that influence Learning

A
  1. Nutrition - Determines if an individual will have the energy to learn
  2. Socioeconomic Status of the family - Determines if the child will have their basic needs met and have access to resources required to learn.
  3. Health status - Total well being of a person will determine if one will have the energy and motivation to learn.
  4. Resource availability - easiness of getting resources makes it easier for learners to perform learning resources.
  5. Culture - Experiences from ones culture determine what one will learn.
  6. Socialization agents - skills and knowledge learnt by an individual are also determined by socialization agents they interact with.
17
Q

WAYS OF STIMULATING CHILDREN’S LEARNING

A
  1. Motivate children in their activities so that they are encouraged to learn.
  2. Make sure learners are well nourished to have energy to concentrate in learning
  3. Use alot of illustrations and examples when teaching
  4. Make the learners as active as possible so that they can be focused when learning
  5. Use a lot of learning resources.
  6. Use child centered methods so that the learning process meets the needs and interests of learners
  7. Maximize on learning opportunities as possible.
  8. Take the learners on nature walks/field trips
18
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERSONALTY DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Culture - beliefs, values and norms in a particular culture influence how the behave
  2. Uterine environment - surrounding environment of a baby while still in the womb will affect how children will grow & develop and consequently their personality
  3. Home environment - home consists of parents, siblings & other relatives
  4. Peer group - company of friends that one associates with will influence their personality
  5. school environment - behavior exhibited by teachers and school mates contributes to ones personality
  6. Religious institutions - teachings in religious institutions influence a persons personality
  7. socioeconomic status of the family
  8. Social acceptance - people who receive greater social acceptance tend to show qualities of leadership.
19
Q

HEREDITARY/INDIVIDUAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERSONALTY DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Appearance - Appearance of a person, how the dress and their natural outlook influences how they perceive themselves which in turn influences how they behave.
  2. Body Structure - body structure of a person influences the personality of a person
20
Q

FLAT PEOPLE(ECTOMORPHS)

A

they are anxious, moody, shy and restrained

21
Q

FAT PEOPLE(ENDOMORPHS)

A

They are warm, Kind hearted, cheerful & relaxed

22
Q

STRONG MUSCULAR PEOPLE(MESOMORPHS)

A

Bold, energetic, assertive and act leader like

23
Q

SEX

A

Sex hormones influence body functioning & behaviour

24
Q

PHYSICAL DEFECTS/DISABILITIES

A

disabilities influence one’s self perception & also affect they way other people perceive & treat an individual

25
Q

INTELLIGENCE

A

it determines how other people perceive an individual

26
Q

HEALTH STATUS

A

Health influences a persons personality in that a persons feels good and is motivated when they have good health

27
Q

HABITS

A

Habits or routines end up forming part of a persons personality

28
Q

TEMPERAMENTS

A

how individuals react to different things including people

29
Q

TYPES OF TEMPERAMENTS

A

EASY TO WARM/FLEXIBLE - generally calm, regular in their sleeping and eating habits, adaptable to situations & not easily upset.
SLOW TO WARM CHILDREN - inactive and fussy. withdrawn & react negatively to new situations
DIFFICULT & ACTIVE CHILDREN - irregular in their sleeping & feeding habits. fussy, fearful of new people and situations

30
Q

TYPES OF PERSONALITY

A

A. INTROVERTS - turned inside towards themselves than outside to others
B. EXTROVERTS - More turned outside to others than inside
C. AMBIVALENTS - lack consistency

31
Q

INTROVERT TRAITS

A

i. quiet
ii. Moody
iii. Unsocial
iv. Rigid
v. Reserved
vi. Careful
vii. Calm
viii. Pessimistic

32
Q

EXTROVERT TRAITS

A

i. Active
ii. Optimistic
iii. Social
iv. Talkative
v. Flexible
vi. Restless
vii. Impulsive(carefree)
viii. Excitable
ix. Cheerful
x. Lively
xi. Attention-seeking
xii. Easily distracted

33
Q

AMBIVALENTS

A

i. tendency to change plans all the time
ii. Constantly indecisive about things
iii. Show mood swings
iv. question almost everything
v. have attachment issues
vi. like talking about how they feel

34
Q

ROLE OF CAREGIVERS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN

A

i. Modeling - Setting an example for children to emulate
ii. Direct teaching - teach children to acquire knowledge, skills, values & attitudes that will help them to build their character
iii. Setting rules & regulations - provide children with clear guidelines of how to conduct themselves
iv. Discipline Children - appropriate disciplinary measures should be administered ti manage and control children
v. Catering for individual characteristics - differences in children should be considered in measures taken against them
vi. reinforcement - good behavior demonstrated by children should be recognized and rewarded
vii. Use of appropriate materials - Materials provided to the children should have appropriate content
viii. Regulate children’s environments - regulate the content children interact with
Guidance & counselling - giving advice to encourage good character in children

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (2 decks)

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