Psychology Flashcards
What is positive psychology
Tramditionally psychology has focused on suffering distress dysfunction and abnormality
Positive psychology focus on what makes life good for everyone. seeks to understand and amplify strength resilience happiness and well being
What is Maslows hieray of needs theory
A hierarchy of needs starts from physiological (food water sleep health)
Safety (security: body, employment, property)
Love (family, friendship, social interactions)
Esteem (confidence, respect of, by others)
Self actualisation (creativity passion, morality)
Need to be completely ourselves and express our own abilities
- this only happens if other needs are met
How to protect against Learnt helplessness
Personal mastery - life histories of ppl who were resilient in tough situations
Self efficacy- belief in own capability, act as a buffer. high level of self- efficacy- ppl perceive themselves succeeding (resource>threat) so more likely to put effort into mastering a situation (+ve of unrealistic optimism)
Global measures of subjective well being
1 subjective happiness scale 2 satisfaction with life scale 3 PANAS questionnaire 4 meaning of life questionnaire 5 flow experience scale
Ways of improving well being
1 connect w people 2 be active , move 3 be curious , take notice simple things I enjoy to do 4 keep learning 5 give not take, volunteering, smile
What is social prescribing
GPs nurses pharmacists refer patient to non NHS services (mh pt)
Volunteering , exercise club, support groups
What is the definition of social support (Vaux’s)
Broadly it is a process whereby people manage social resources to meet social needs and to enhance and complement their personal resources for meeting demands and achieving goals
How do we feel when we have social support
Loved
Cared for
esteemed
Valued
Part of social network of communication and mutual obligation
feeling Shared with fam fri and members of social org
What’s the extreme example of lack of social support
Social stigma
What is stigma
The cooccurrence of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in the context in which power is exercised. you become excluded from the society
How is social support measured
Goal is to identify social factors that make a difference to the health and well-being of an individual, that are modifiable
Measure of social support
Support network resources - for assistance
Support incidents
Support behaviour - the act
Support appraisals
Support orientation - relatively stable set of beliefs regarding RISKS and BENEFIT of seeking help from the network, which likely influences the development, maintenance, and use of support resources, as well as resulting support appraisals. Sb. May feel bad for sharing burden. Esp man and woman, woman seem to access and give more social support than man?
Describe buffer affects hypothesis By Cohen and Wills
Social support acts as a buffer against adverse affects of stressful events
- Influence persons cognitive appraisal of situation so that they perceive their resources greater than threat
- Modify persons coping responses to a stressor after it has been appraised as stressful eg they do not cope ALONE
- reassurance
What is matched hypothesis by Cohen and McKay
Stress buffering only occurs when there is a match between the demand in the stressful events and the support perceived to be available (give money when lost job not when fam died)
What is main affect hypothesis (Cohen and Syme)
Social connectedness is beneficial irrespective of whether one is under stress
What is direct affects hypothesis (Carels et al)
Social support is beneficial to health and well-being irrespective of whether one is under stressful event. Lack of social support is detrimental to health even in absence of stress
- sense of belonging and self-esteem
- physiological impact (reduce BP, enhance endocrine, IMS)
What is the name of the study that provide first piece of evidence on the link between social support and mortality (40% difference in longevity) independent of self-reported physical health status, smoking, obesity etc.
The Alameda county study
What conclusion did Tecumseh study reach in terms of social support link to health/mortality
Men with good social support are less likely to die compare with women (social support protects men’s health more than women’s)
What’s helpful and un helpful social support behaviour
Helpful- assistance, expression of love, concerns and understanding
Unhelpful- minimise situation, underestimate negative effects on pt, being unrealistically cheerful, being critical or over demanding
+ve psychology was funded very recently about xx years ago by xxx
15 years ago by Martin Seligman
+ve psychology is based on which two type of theories
it is derived from humanistic psychology (treat everyone as an individual with unique, whole, subjective experience of being human) and behavioural theory
describe ‘behaviour activation diary’ a treatment for depression
a daily activity diary featuring varies time slot, pt asked to fill each time slot with activity they did and rate ENJOYMENT and MASTERY sense of achievement from 0-10
what is subjective wellbeing? (also called personal wellbeing)
the scientific name for people evaluate their lives using their own standards
what are the 4 questions used in ‘national happiness’ annual population survey (since 2011) - what approach did they use for each q
- evaluative approach (reflect and assess) - how satisfied are u with ur life nowadays?
- eudemonic approach - to what EXTENT do u feel things u do in life are worthwhile
- experience approach - how happy/anxious did u feel yday?
0-10 scale
