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Complex Pt 2 > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is positive psychology

A

Tramditionally psychology has focused on suffering distress dysfunction and abnormality
Positive psychology focus on what makes life good for everyone. seeks to understand and amplify strength resilience happiness and well being

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2
Q

What is Maslows hieray of needs theory

A

A hierarchy of needs starts from physiological (food water sleep health)
Safety (security: body, employment, property)
Love (family, friendship, social interactions)
Esteem (confidence, respect of, by others)
Self actualisation (creativity passion, morality)
Need to be completely ourselves and express our own abilities
- this only happens if other needs are met

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3
Q

How to protect against Learnt helplessness

A

Personal mastery - life histories of ppl who were resilient in tough situations
Self efficacy- belief in own capability, act as a buffer. high level of self- efficacy- ppl perceive themselves succeeding (resource>threat) so more likely to put effort into mastering a situation (+ve of unrealistic optimism)

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4
Q

Global measures of subjective well being

A 
1 subjective happiness scale
2 satisfaction with life scale
3 PANAS questionnaire 
4 meaning of life questionnaire 
5 flow experience scale
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5
Q

Ways of improving well being

A 
1 connect w people 
2 be active , move
3 be curious , take notice simple things I enjoy to do 
4 keep learning 
5 give not take, volunteering, smile
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6
Q

What is social prescribing

A

GPs nurses pharmacists refer patient to non NHS services (mh pt)
Volunteering , exercise club, support groups

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7
Q

What is the definition of social support (Vaux’s)

A

Broadly it is a process whereby people manage social resources to meet social needs and to enhance and complement their personal resources for meeting demands and achieving goals

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8
Q

How do we feel when we have social support

A

Loved
Cared for
esteemed
Valued
Part of social network of communication and mutual obligation
feeling Shared with fam fri and members of social org

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9
Q

What’s the extreme example of lack of social support

A

Social stigma

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10
Q

What is stigma

A

The cooccurrence of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in the context in which power is exercised. you become excluded from the society

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11
Q

How is social support measured

A

Goal is to identify social factors that make a difference to the health and well-being of an individual, that are modifiable

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12
Q

Measure of social support

A

Support network resources - for assistance
Support incidents
Support behaviour - the act
Support appraisals
Support orientation - relatively stable set of beliefs regarding RISKS and BENEFIT of seeking help from the network, which likely influences the development, maintenance, and use of support resources, as well as resulting support appraisals. Sb. May feel bad for sharing burden. Esp man and woman, woman seem to access and give more social support than man?

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13
Q

Describe buffer affects hypothesis By Cohen and Wills

A

Social support acts as a buffer against adverse affects of stressful events

  1. Influence persons cognitive appraisal of situation so that they perceive their resources greater than threat
  2. Modify persons coping responses to a stressor after it has been appraised as stressful eg they do not cope ALONE
  3. reassurance
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14
Q

What is matched hypothesis by Cohen and McKay

A

Stress buffering only occurs when there is a match between the demand in the stressful events and the support perceived to be available (give money when lost job not when fam died)

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15
Q

What is main affect hypothesis (Cohen and Syme)

A

Social connectedness is beneficial irrespective of whether one is under stress

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16
Q

What is direct affects hypothesis (Carels et al)

A

Social support is beneficial to health and well-being irrespective of whether one is under stressful event. Lack of social support is detrimental to health even in absence of stress

  • sense of belonging and self-esteem
  • physiological impact (reduce BP, enhance endocrine, IMS)
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17
Q

What is the name of the study that provide first piece of evidence on the link between social support and mortality (40% difference in longevity) independent of self-reported physical health status, smoking, obesity etc.

A

The Alameda county study

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18
Q

What conclusion did Tecumseh study reach in terms of social support link to health/mortality

A

Men with good social support are less likely to die compare with women (social support protects men’s health more than women’s)

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19
Q

What’s helpful and un helpful social support behaviour

A

Helpful- assistance, expression of love, concerns and understanding
Unhelpful- minimise situation, underestimate negative effects on pt, being unrealistically cheerful, being critical or over demanding

20
Q

+ve psychology was funded very recently about xx years ago by xxx

A

15 years ago by Martin Seligman

21
Q

+ve psychology is based on which two type of theories

A

it is derived from humanistic psychology (treat everyone as an individual with unique, whole, subjective experience of being human) and behavioural theory

22
Q

describe ‘behaviour activation diary’ a treatment for depression

A

a daily activity diary featuring varies time slot, pt asked to fill each time slot with activity they did and rate ENJOYMENT and MASTERY sense of achievement from 0-10

23
Q

what is subjective wellbeing? (also called personal wellbeing)

A

the scientific name for people evaluate their lives using their own standards

24
Q

what are the 4 questions used in ‘national happiness’ annual population survey (since 2011) - what approach did they use for each q

A
  1. evaluative approach (reflect and assess) - how satisfied are u with ur life nowadays?
  2. eudemonic approach - to what EXTENT do u feel things u do in life are worthwhile
  3. experience approach - how happy/anxious did u feel yday?
    0-10 scale
25
Q

describe what is ‘three good things’ intervention

A

note 3 good things happened in the day for 1-2 weeks

26
Q

name another +ve psychology intervention aprt from 3 good things

A

pay it forward

27
Q

what is social prescribing (video)

- benefit

A

Alterntive to the medical model, foucs on social actvitity which can improve health and wellbeing
- Cost efficient in term of saving the use 2ndary MH care services, pt visit GP less, saving resouces, med waste, med related ADR
Local effect, easy to reach/access

28
Q

some limitations of +ve psychology intervention research

A
  • lack of repeat studies
  • not clear how big of an effect the intervention have, how many people they work for
  • not many FOLLOW-UP studies so change could be temporary
  • we don’t know what works for whom
29
Q

name 4 positive psychology interventions

A

o 3 good things
o Pay it forward
o Behaviour activation dairy
o Social prescirbing

30
Q

happiness is directly linked to .. and ..?

A

income

immune system

31
Q

according to house and Kahn, what are the 3 types of support as ‘social support’?

A

1 instrumental (important)
2 emotional
3 informational

32
Q

according to Wills (1985), what are the 4 types of social support?

A

1 esteem
2 informational
3 social companionship (network support)
4 instrumental

33
Q

statues and characteristics subject to stigma (11)

A 
sexual orientation 
sex worker
transgender 
HIV status
addiction
MH
homeless
disability 
obesity 
ethnicity 
age
34
Q

what is stress in term of transactional model?

A

a result when an individual perceives a discrepancy b/w the demands of a situation and their resources. consists of many variable (of social support) and processes

35
Q

what did Vaux refer social support as?

A

a complex and dynamic process involving transaction b/w individuals and their social networks within a social ecology

36
Q

what is the main effects hypothesis based on?

A

social integration rather than social support.

37
Q

HPA axis what inhibit and what increases CRF, ACTH -Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

cortisol inhibits

adrenaline increases sympathetic response

38
Q

what are the 3 studies on link b/w social support and morbidity?

A

1 Swedish heart study
2 Turner Cobb et al (breast cancer)
3 Hipkins et al (ovarian cancer)

39
Q

what is the finding from Swedish heart study?

A

2 aspect of low social support - low social integration, low emotional attachment - are predictive of coronary CHD risk (in 15y), independent of other risk factors

40
Q

what did Turner Cobb et al find regarding the link b/w social support and morbidity?

A

social support can moderate distress in women with familial history of breast cancer.

  • act as a buffer
  • aversive/network support were not sig moderators
  • high level of distress when familial cancer history is greater than positive social support
41
Q

what did Hipkins et al find regarding the link b/w social support and morbidity?

A

anxiety (not depression) in ovarian cancer patient who had chemotherapy is predicted by social support and intrusive thoughts not disease status

42
Q

does social support always work? what are the two study on this topic?

A

no. Brownell and shumaker

Hughes and Curtis

43
Q

what did Brownell and shumaker find?

A

SS effectiveness depends on the person’s individual values. some people may fear dependency or do not share problems w others. in that case, SS violate people’s need for privacy

44
Q

what did Hughes and Curtis find?

A

high quantities of SS= VC reactivity

quality of SS = low beck depression score, no depression

45
Q

how to develop supportive environment

A
  • social skill training
    family therapy
    community approaches
    social prescribing

Complex Pt 2 (4 decks)

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