Psychology Flashcards
Famous Psychologists - Carl Jung
- also wanted to explore the unconscious
- 3 part brain theory:
1) Ego - conscious mind
2) Personal Unconscious - includes anything you are not presently conscious of, but you could be
3) Collective Unconscious - “psychic inheritance” - a kind of knowledge we are all born with
- déjà-vu, love at first sight, recognition of symbols, near-death experiences
Famous Psychologists - Sigmund Freud
- the unconscious mind is a powerful force in what motivates humans ie. “the couch”
- theory of mind: 3 parts
1) Id: completely unconscious (devil), involved in desires (food, sex), “pleasure principle”, born with it
2) Ego: mostly conscious, works on the “reality principle”, mediates between the Id and the Superego, develops around 3 years old
3) Superego: conscious and unconscious, uses the values and morals of society, “goodie goodie” (angel)
Ego Defence Mechanisms
1) Denial - arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn’t exist
Ex. A person gets diagnosed with cancer
2) Displacement - takin out impulses on a less threatening target
Ex. Temper tantrums
3) Projection - placing unacceptable impulses about yourself onto someone else
Ex. Homophobia, “you’re stupid”
4) Rationalization - creating an explanation instead of using the real tone
5) Regression - returning to an early stage of development
Ex. Sucking thumb
6) Repression - pulling into the unconscious
Ex. “Forgetting” a traumatic event
7) Suppression - pushing into the unconscious
8) Intellectualization - avoiding emotional aspects by focusing on the intellectual side
“Freudian Slips”
- when people say things they don’t mean
- comes from the if
- typically have a sexual reference
- bring fourth latent feelings - desires
Dream Analysis
- Freud believed that dreams contained latent desires, beliefs, thoughts that cannot be dealt with consciously
- dreams are full of meaning and symbols
- often sexual
- “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”
- penis envy
Free Association
- psychoanalysis involved having patients try to speak about whatever came to mind
Famous Psychologists - Erik Erikson
- psycho-social stages of personality development
- 8 stages
- each stage has a “dilemma” to be solved and in the end there should be a valence
8 Psycho-Social Stages - Erik Erikson
Stage 1: trust vs. mistrust (0-18 months)
Stage 2: autonomy vs. doubt (shame)
- learning I do things on your own; gaining independence (terrible twos)
- the word “no”
- getting into trouble when we try to do things
- made to feel bad (hyper-parents)
- busy life style
Stage 3: initiative vs. guilt
- kids want to do things, creating games (make believe)
- frustrated about not being able to do what you desire
Stage 4: industry vs. inferiority (school age)
- children become “good” at something and are praised for it (academic, artist, athletic)
- finding nothing that you can be successful at
Stage 5: identity vs. role confusion
- understanding who we are, what our beliefs are and how we want to live our lives
- unsure of who we are, what we believe in and what we want to do
Stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
- knowing yourself and sharing it with others
- trusting others
- don’t get to know anyone on a deeper level
Stage 7: generatively vs. stagnation (mid-adult)
- feeling useful, contributing to society, giving back
- feeling useless, not doing anything with purpose (depression)
Stage 8: integrity vs. despair (old)
- retrospective and satisfied
- “bucket list”
Sensation and Perception
- understanding how we see, hear, touch, smell and even taste the world can tell us a lot about how we function in it
- after you have an experience you are not the same person you were before that experience
Smell - 5 Senses
- smell system is the most ancient
- people who have lost their sense of smell (and taste) have Ansonia
- smell system has a short direct connection to the memory centres
- different people can smell the same smell but have very different experiences
- if you don’t smell a certain smell when you are young, you will lose the ability to recognize it
- the smell system links directly to the amygdala (primarily experience of fear, anger, aggression - also other emotions)
- the smell connection is much faster and decisive
- the nose is positioned above the mouth as a last-resort alarm system
- the system recognizes certain smells from birth
- humans are capable of recognizing 10 000 odours
- smell saturation: after smelling the same scent for a short period of time we will lose conscious awareness of the smell
- women have a better sense of smell than men (especially during their menstral cycle)
Taste - 5 Senses
- there are between 2000 and 5000 taste buds around our mouth
- taste buds are on the tongue, cheeks, roof of the mouth and throat
- five known tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and unami (yummy)
- a perfect combination of all tastes is referred to as a high amplitude food (ketchup, Coca Cola)
- low amplitude foods have very distinct individual tastes
- receptor cells for taste only last approx. 10 days
- 75% of taste is due to smell
- the tongue also perceives texture and temperature
Sound - 5 Senses
- we are not conscious of the majority of sounds that surround us
- people who have tinnitus suffer from hearing “too much” - ringing, humming
- many rock musicians suffer from tinnitus
- the brain selects what is foreground and makes the rest background noise
- the brain breaks down sound into smallest of elemental units, distributes this bus and reassembles
- the process of hearing occurs earlier than any other sense it begins right at the ear
- listening to other languages you will not hear certain phonemes
- sometimes we can see with our ears
- “be quiet, I’m driving”
Vision - 5 Senses
- all this processing occurs through several pathways (shape, colour, form, movement, etc.)
- 30 aspects of vision
- human sight is complex (memory, emotion, expectation, consciousness)
- salience: the brain pays attention only to specific images in it’s visual field
- our brains are directing our usual attention and controlling what we see
- the retina contains 120 million rods and 6 million cones
- bad cones is what causes partial to full colour blindness
- vision does not require eyes
- most of the same brain region during “eye sight” are activated during “mind sight”
Conditioned Learning (20%)
Is acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence is a stimulus
Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
- involves learning to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another
1) Unconditioned Stimulus
Ex. Dog food
2) Unconditioned Response
Ex. Salivating
3) Conditioned Stimulus
Ex. Bell
4) Conditioned Response
Ex. Salivating
