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Psychology > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

empirical approach

A

knowledge gained through direct observation and measurement

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2
Q

limitation of case study

A

resource intensive, it’s anecdotal and may not generalize to population

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3
Q

negative correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other variable decreases

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4
Q

positive correlation

A

as one variable increases, so does the other

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5
Q

no correlation

A

the direction of one variable had no relationship to the direction of the other variable

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6
Q

limitation of correlation

A

can’t draw causal conclusions because there could be a third variable and the bidirectionally issue

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7
Q

definition of psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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8
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

variable that is manipulated/controlled by the experimenter; affects dependent variable.

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9
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

variable that is manipulated by the Independent Variable.

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10
Q

correlations

A

can make predictions

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11
Q

experiments

A

can draw conclusions

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12
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Examines the link between biological activity and psychological events

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13
Q

Nervous System

A

complex combination of cells that allows us to gain information about what’s going on inside and outside our bodies and respond appropriately

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14
Q

The two main parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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15
Q

Function of Somatic Nervous System

A

Carries sensory and motor muscle information to and from the CNS

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16
Q

Function of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls bodily functions not consciously directed

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17
Q

Two main parts of the Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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18
Q

function of Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Expending energy and the fight or flight system

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19
Q

function of Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Replenishing energy and Resting and the Digestive System

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20
Q

Neurons

A

Building blocks of the nervous system

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21
Q

functions of neurons

A

processing and storing information

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22
Q

size of neurons

A

fraction of inch to several feet

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

rootlike structures attached to cell body, receives impulses

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24
Q

Soma

A

cell body of neuron, contains nucleus, controls center of cell

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25
Q

Axon

A

long thin part of the neuron and transmits info to other neurons, muscles or glands

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26
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

goes around axon of some cells to speed up information transmission; made of a fatty waxy substance

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27
Q

when does myelination happen

A

throughout the first 25 years of life; allows for greater muscle control, judgement, and self control

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28
Q

Axon Terminal Buttons

A

Bulblike structures around axons; they store all of the chemical messengers

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29
Q

Reuptake

A

when neuron that fired takes back neurotransmitters

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30
Q

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

drug used for depression because in a depressed brain, reuptake of serotonin occurs too prematurely

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31
Q

Neurotransmitters are aka

A

chemical messengers are aka

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32
Q

Serotonin (Rastafarian Neurotransmitter)

A

Mood, Hunger, Sleep, Arousal

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33
Q

Neurotransmitter associated with depression

A

Serotonin

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34
Q

MDMA

A

floods brain with serotonin

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35
Q

Ritalin and Adderall

A

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of dopamine

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36
Q

Neurotransmitter associated with Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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37
Q

Tolerance

A

when the brain of a person adapts to offsets a drug’s effects

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38
Q

Withdrawal

A

Discomfort and distress following the discontinuation of an addictive drug

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39
Q

Average weight of an adult brain

A

3 pounds

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40
Q

Parts of the Brain stem

A

Medulla, Pons, and Reticular Formation

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41
Q

Function of Pons

A

Coordinating Movement

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42
Q

Function of Medulla

A

Heart rate and breathing

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43
Q

Function of Reticular Formation

A

Filters incoming stimuli and controls degree of wakefulness

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44
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

Controls Balance, Coordination, and Voluntary movement

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45
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Sensory switchboard; transfers sensory info to and from higher and lower brain

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46
Q

Function of Limbic system

A

emotion and behavior, contains Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus

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47
Q

Function of Hippocampus

A

forms new memories

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48
Q

Function of Amygdala

A

Involved with Emotion

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49
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Regulates motivated behaviors; Controls Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

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50
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher Brain Structure, grey matter, Consists of two hemispheres; left and right

51
Q

Contralateral brain

A

The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa

52
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain; collection of axon fibers about 200 million

53
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer covering of the cerebrum; impulse control, plan making, four lobes

54
Q

Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

A

Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal

55
Q

Occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that controls sight

56
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing

57
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains the Somatosensory cortex responsible for the feeling in the body

58
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Part of the Cerebral Cortex that responsible for free will, decision making, etc.

59
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan

60
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

61
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Father of cognitive psychology, came up with four stages of cognitive development

62
Q

Piaget’s Four stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

63
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Occurs from birth-2 years; take in through senses and motor movement, here and now, throughout stage babies begin to mentally represent the world

64
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Occurs from ages 2-6; symbolic capacity - uses images, words, gestures, to stand for objects and experiences. no longer trapped in here and now, one dimensional thinking - can only focus on one aspect of a situation at a time, egocentrism, can’t empathize, can’t pass law of conservation

65
Q

Concrete operational

A

Occurs from ages 7-11; perform mental actions on concrete objects and events; two dimensional thought, can focus on more than one aspect of a situation. Can pass law of conservation task. Less egocentric, Lacks abstract reasoning, incapable of hypothetical thinking

66
Q

Formal Operational

A

11 and older; develop abstract reasoning, can perform mental actions on concrete objects and events as well as on ideas, hypothetical thinking, more systematic approach to problem solving

67
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to experience

68
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A simple form of learning where you make associations between two or more things and learn to anticipate events form those associations

69
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Father of classical conditioning

70
Q

Pavlov’s famous classical conditioning study

A

Make dogs salivate for meat when their hear the ringing of a bell

71
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Stimulus that causes a response prior to conditioning (learning)

72
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Unlearned response to unconditional stimulus

73
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Previously neutral stimulus causes conditioned response because it’s been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

74
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to conditioned stimulus

75
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Simple form of learning based on consequences; controls the likelihood of voluntary behaviors

76
Q

Positive Reinforcers

A

increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again

77
Q

Negative Reinforcers

A

increases likelihood of behavior when reinforcer removed

78
Q

Punisher

A

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

79
Q

Memory

A

learning that persists over time; something that is stored and retrieved

80
Q

What do we remember

A

things that are important

81
Q

Three Processes of Memory

A

Encode, store, and retrieve

82
Q

three stage memory model

A

sensory, short term, long term stores

83
Q

How much information can we remember

A

infinite amounts

84
Q

Dual Track Memory system

A

Implicit and Explicit Memory

85
Q

Two types of encoding

A

automatic and effortful processing

86
Q

Automatic Processing

A

encodes implicit memories

87
Q

Effortful processing

A

encodes explicit memories

88
Q

Effortful encoding strategies

A

Mnemonics, Chunking, Hierarchy, Distributed Practice, Self-test, encoding verbal information at different levels

89
Q

Misinformation effect

A

when you incorporate misleading information into one’s memory of an event

90
Q

Social Psychology

A

Scientific Study of how we thing about, influence, and relate to one another

91
Q

Social Perception

A

Examines ways in which people form and modify impressions and relate to one another

92
Q

Attribution

A

Belief concerning why a person/people behaved in a certain way

93
Q

Two Types of Attributions

A

Dispositional and Situational

94
Q

Dispositional Attributes

A

ascribing a person’s behavior to internal factors eg. free will, personality traits

95
Q

Situational Attributes

A

ascribing a person’s behavior to something external e.g. social influences, and circumstances

96
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAD)

A

Tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate situational attributes and overestimate the impact of dispositional attributes eg. saying people driving in the rain suck at driving in the rain

97
Q

Actor-Observer Effect

A

Tendency to attribute people’s behavior to dispositional factors but our own situational factors

98
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to something dispositional but our failures to something situational

99
Q

Zimbardo’s definition of Evil

A

An exercise of power to intentionally harm people

100
Q

Milgram Experiment

A

1960s experiment to test whether an average american would hurt a stranger simply because an authority figure told them to do so

101
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

someone will be more likely to obey a major request of they obey a small request first

102
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

had to end study after 6 days because it got out of hand

103
Q

7 social processes that lead down slippery slope to evil

A

Mindlessly taking first small step, dehumanization of others, De-individuation of self (anonymity), Diffusion of personal responsibility, Blind obedience to authority, Uncritical conformity to group norms, Passive Tolerance to evil through inaction/indifference

104
Q

Psychology of Heroism

A

You have to learn to be a deviant to be a hero, go against the conformity of the group, act when others don’t

105
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to object, people, and events

106
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When two attitudes are in conflict or when behavior is not in line with thoughts or beliefs, we experience discomfort

107
Q

Explicit Attitude

A

consciously aware of being held, and can consciously decide to think about it

108
Q

Implicit Attitude

A

not consciously aware that the attitude is held, can be shown to exist with nonverbal cues and an IAT

109
Q

Central Route of Attitude Formation

A

Uses Evidence/Info and is straightforward

110
Q

Peripheral Route of Attitude Formation

A

Associations with positive/negative cues and isn’t straightforward

111
Q

Results of Milgram Experiment

A

Over 60% of people in the study administered maximum voltage

112
Q

Hallucination

A

a faulty perception of reality

113
Q

Delusion

A

a faulty interpretation of reality

114
Q

Agoraphobia

A

an anxiety disorder where you’re afraid of being trapped in an inescapable situation so you stay home all the time

115
Q

Social Phobia

A

an anxiety disorder where you think everyone around you criticizes everything you do and causes you to avoid situations where you are around other people

116
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Mary in front of TV on Friday night example

117
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Constant low-grade level of anxiety

118
Q

PTSD

A

Anxiety disorder always preceded by a traumatic event

119
Q

OCD

A

Anxiety disorder where an obsession (unwanted repetitive thoughts) cause a compulsion (unwanted repetitive action)

120
Q

Major Depression

A

symptoms: thoughts of suicide, lethargy, loss of appetite, can’t stop eating, irrational thinking, not happy.

121
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

symptoms: same as major depression but less severe and longer lasting

122
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

symptoms: rebound from major depression to mania and vice versa

123
Q

Depressed Explanatory Style

A

Internal, stable, and global way of dealing with things

124
Q

Nondepressed Explanatory Style

A

External, Temporary, and Specific

Psychology (3 decks)

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