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psychology 201: mind and body > psychology 201: midterm 1, chapter 2 > Flashcards

psychology 201: midterm 1, chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

systematic procedure that begins with the observation of a phenomenon and the question of why that phenomenon occurred

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2
Q

theory

A

explanation or model of how a phenomenon works

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

specific, testable, prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on

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4
Q

research

A

the careful collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

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5
Q

data

A

measurements gathered during the research process

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6
Q

replication

A

involves repeating a study to see if the results are similar

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7
Q

HARKing

A

“hypothesizing after the results are known” instead of generating a theory before running the study and analyzing the results

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8
Q

small samples

A

a larger sample is required to achieve an accurate estimation of the population effects

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9
Q

p-hacking

A

testing the same hypothesis using statistical tests in different variations until one produces a statistically significant result

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10
Q

underreporting null effects

A

can cause readers to draw invalid inferences because entire studies or hypothesis tests are missing from the study

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11
Q

pre-registration

A

documenting a study’s hypotheses, methods, and analysis plan ahead of time and publishing it on a time-stamped website

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12
Q

descriptive studies

A

research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically

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13
Q

case studies

A

intensive observation, recording, and description of an atypical person or organization

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14
Q

participant observation

A

a type of descriptive study in which the researcher is involved in the situation

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15
Q

reactivity

A

the phenomenon that occurs when knowledge that one being observed alters the behavior being observed

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16
Q

observer bias

A

when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or biases influence what they perceive or record in a study

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17
Q

experimenter expectancy effect

A

actual change in the behavior of the people/nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the observer

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18
Q

self report methods

A

surveys or questionnaires, can be used to gather data from a large number of people in a short time
-can be hard to gather data from children or data free from personal bias

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19
Q

correlational studies

A

examine how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or conclude that one variable causes the other

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20
Q

positive correlation coefficient

A

higher values on one variable predicts higher values on the other

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21
Q

negative correlation coefficient

A

higher values on one variable predicts lower values on the other

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22
Q

directionality problem

A

a problem encountered in correlational studies, the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable

23
Q

third variable problem

A

a problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables, as a result, the researcher cant be confident that another unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of the differences in the variables of interest

24
Q

experiment

A

the researcher manipulates one variable to measure the effect on a second variable

25
Q

control group

A

consists of similar participants who experience everything the experimental group receives except for the treatment

26
Q

experimental group

A

the group of study participants who receive the treatment

27
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated in a research study

28
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured in a research study

29
Q

population

A

everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

30
Q

random sample

A

gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen to participate in the study

31
Q

convenience sample

A

people who are conveniently available for the study, this sample is almost certainly biased

32
Q

selection bias

A

unintended differences between the participants in different groups, it could be caused by nonrandom assignment to groups

33
Q

informed consent

A

experiment participants are aware of a study’s procedure without giving away the purpose

34
Q

debriefing

A

must take place after a study’s completion if deception is used, researchers inform the participants of the study’s goals

35
Q

confidentiality

A

personal, identifying information about participants cannot be shared with others

36
Q

beneficence

A

researchers have an ethical obligation to weight the potential benefits of a study against its risks and to minimize risks as much as possible

37
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

38
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations

39
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and no to confounds

40
Q

reliability vs accuracy

A

reliability- the stability and consistency of a measure over time
accuracy- the degree to which the measure is error free

41
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

42
Q

central tendency

A

a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole

43
Q

mean

A

average of a set of numbers

44
Q

median

A

the value that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest set of values

45
Q

mode

A

most frequent score or value in a set of numbers

46
Q

variability

A

in a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean

47
Q

range

A

the distance between the largest and smallest values

48
Q

standard deviation

A

a statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean

49
Q

correlation

A

measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

50
Q

causation

A

one variable is the reason another happens/occurs

51
Q

confound

A

anything that affects a dependent variable and that might unintentionally vary between the study’s different experimental conditions

52
Q

inferential statistics

A

a set of procedures that enables researchers to decide whether differences between or more groups are probably just chance variations or whether they reflect true differences in the populations being compared

53
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, separated from the situation and making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior

54
Q

random assignment

A

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

psychology 201: mind and body (1 decks)

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