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Psychology 201 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The way each individual acts, thinks, and feels

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgements made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior

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3
Q

Temperment

A

Biologically innate and enduring characteristics, such as irritability and adaptibility

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4
Q

The Unconscious Mind

A

Thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information stored, not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

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5
Q

Id

A

Present at birth, completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, containing all basic biological drives

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6
Q

The Pleasure Principal

A

Id functions; desire for immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for consequence.

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7
Q

Ego (Executive Director)

A

Develops out if a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

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8
Q

The Reality Principal

A

Ego functions; safisfaction of demands of the id only when negative consequence will not be the result

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9
Q

Superego

A

Acts as moral center. Contains conscience. To feel guilt or anxiety when they do something wrong

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10
Q

Conscience

A

Produces guilt, depending on how acceptable the behavior is

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11
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to regonize or awknowledge threatening behavior

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12
Q

Repression

A

Pushing aside threatening or conflicting events or situations

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

Making acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

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14
Q

Projection

A

Placing our own unacceptable behavior onto others

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15
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Forming emotional reaction/ attitudes opposite of threat

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16
Q

Displacement

A

Directing angry feelings onto someone else, someone innocent/ less

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17
Q

Regression

A

Falling back to childlike patterns to cope with stressful situations

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18
Q

Identification

A

Trying to be like someone else to deal with anxiety

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19
Q

Compensation

A

Substitution

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20
Q

Sublimation

A

Turning socially unacceptable behavior to socially acceptable behavior

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21
Q

Fixation

A

Conflicts that are not fully resolved, disorder in whicb the person does not resolve the conjunct in a particular stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associate with early stage, getting “stuck”

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22
Q

Pyschosexual Stages

A

5 stages proposed by Freud, sexual development of a child

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23
Q

Fixiation

A

Unresolved conflict in psychosexual stages, resulting in personality traits and associate behavior

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24
Q

Oral Stage

A

First 18 months. Stage 1, mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is primary conflict

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25
Q

Anal Stage

A

18 to 36 months. Stage 2, anus is erogenous zone and toilet training is primary source of conflict

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26
Q

Phallic Stage

A

3 to 6 years. Stage 3, child is discovering sexual feelings

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27
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

MALE. occurs in phallic stage, child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and jealousy of same-sex parent

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28
Q

Electra Complex

A

FEMALE. occurs in phallic stage, child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and jealousy of same-sex parent

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29
Q

Latency Stage

A

6 years to puberty. Stage 4, sexual feelings of the child are repressed (dormant) while child develops in other ways

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30
Q

Genital Stage

A

Puberty on. Stage 5, final stage. Sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves toward adult and sexual behavior

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31
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Insight therapy based on Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts, his term for the theory of personality and the therapy based on it

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32
Q

The Neo Freudians

A

The “new” Freudian psychoanalysts. Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories

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33
Q

Carl Gustav Jung

A

Believed there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well called archetypes.

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34
Q

Personal Unconscious

A

Jung’s name for the unconcious mind as described by Freud

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35
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

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36
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung’s collective, universal human memories

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37
Q

Persona

A

Side of individual’s personality that is shown to the world

38
Q

Anima

A

The feminine side of man

39
Q

Animus

A

The masculine side of women

40
Q

The Shadow

A

The dark side of personality, “the Devil” in Western Culture

41
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Disagreed over importance of sexuality within personality development, thinks humans seek superiority

42
Q

Karen Horney

A

Disagreed with views between differences of male and female, espeically penis envy. Came up with “womb envy”.

43
Q

Neurotic Personalities

A

Maladaptive ways of dealing with relarionships

44
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Studied with Anna Freud, broke away from Freud’s emphasis on sex, referring to emphasis on social relationships that are important in every state of life

45
Q

Behaviorist

A

Researchers who use the principals of conditioning to explain actions and reactions of animals and humans

46
Q

Social Cognitive Theorists

A

Researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive facots on learning

47
Q

Habits

A

In behaviorism, sets of well-leadned responses that have become automatic

48
Q

Social Cognitive Learning Theorists

A

Emphasis the importance of both influences of other people’s behavior and person’s own expectancies learning

49
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Came up with social theory

50
Q

Social Cognitive View

A

Learning theory, cognitive processes such as anticipation, judging, memory, and imitations of models

51
Q

3 Factors of Influence One Another

A

The Enviorment
The Behavior Itself
Personal or Cognitive Fears

52
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

How factors of enviorment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determin future behavior

53
Q

Self-Efifacy

A

Not self esteem. Expectancy on how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be. Can be high or low , depending on past sucesses or failures, what other people tell them about their competence, and their own assessments of their own abilities

54
Q

Locus Control

A

Tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

55
Q

Expectancy

A

Person’s subjective feeling that a particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences

56
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

“Third force” led by psychologist Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focus on things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one’s own destiny

57
Q

Self Actualizing Tendency

A

“Strive for fufilment” striving to fufill one’s innate capacities and capabilities

58
Q

Self-Concept

A

Image of oneself, develops from interactions with important people

59
Q

Self

A

Individual’s awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning

60
Q

Positive Regard

A

Warm, affection, love, and respect that comes from important people or significant others

61
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Positive regard without conditions or strings attached

62
Q

Fully Functioning Person

A

In touch with and trusting of the deepest, intermost urges, and feelings

63
Q

Real Self

A

One’s actual perception of characteristics, traits, and abilities that from the basis off the striving for self actualization

64
Q

Ideal Self

A

The perception of what one should be or would like to be

65
Q

Trait Theories

A

Ways to describe the characteristics thaf make uphiman personality in an effort to predict future behavior

66
Q

Traits

A

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

67
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Believed that these traits were literally wired into the nervous system to guide one’s behavior across many different situations that each person’s “constellations” of traits was unique

68
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Defined two types of traits:
Surface traits
Source traits

69
Q

Personality Traits

A

Aspects that can be seen easily by other people. The outward actions

70
Q

Source Traits

A

More basic traits that underlie the surface traits forming the core of the personality.
There are 16 personality traits

71
Q

Introversion

A

Dimension in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

72
Q

Five Factor Model

A

O C E A N

Represent core description of human personality

73
Q

O.C.E.A.N

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

74
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics (inherited traits)

75
Q

Direct Observation

A

The professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day to day behavior in clinical or natural setting

76
Q

Rating Scale

A

A numerical value is assigned to sciate behavior that is listed on a scale

77
Q

Frequency Count

A

Assement of frequency of a particular behavior is counted

78
Q

Interview

A

Mood of personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer, in structured or unstructured manner

79
Q

Personality Inventories

A

A questionnaire that requires specific answers

80
Q

Personality Inventory

A

Test that consists of statements that require specific, standardized response from the person taking it

81
Q

Hallo Effect

A

Tendency of any interviewers to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assesment of the client’s behavior and statements

82
Q

Projective Tests

A

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and asks the client to respnd with whatever comes to mind

83
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambitious stimuli

84
Q

Thematic Approach (TAT)

A

Projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

85
Q

Subjective

A

Concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejiduces, and personal experiences

86
Q

Heritability

A

How much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

87
Q

Individualism

A

Tend to have loose ties between individuals, with people tending to look after themselves and their immediate families

88
Q

Collectivistic Culture

A

People are from birth deeply tied into a very strong in-groups, typically extended families that include grandparents, aunts, uncles

89
Q

Power Distance

A

The degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few rather than being more equally distributed

90
Q

Masculinity/ Feminitity

A

How a culture distributes the roles played by men and women within a culture. “Masculine” cultures are more asserttive and competitive, although moreso for men than woman. “Feminine” cultures are more modest and caring

91
Q

Uncertantity Avoidance

A

Some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty, ambiguity, and unstructured situations. Cultures that do not tolerate have strict rules and laws, with lots of security and safety measures. More tolerant cultures have few rules, and tend to allow different religous beliefs to exist side by side; are less anxious and emotional

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