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Psychology 201 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

The way each individual acts, thinks, and feels

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgements made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior

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3
Q

Temperment

A

Biologically innate and enduring characteristics, such as irritability and adaptibility

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4
Q

The Unconscious Mind

A

Thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information stored, not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

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5
Q

Id

A

Present at birth, completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, containing all basic biological drives

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6
Q

The Pleasure Principal

A

Id functions; desire for immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for consequence.

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7
Q

Ego (Executive Director)

A

Develops out if a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

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8
Q

The Reality Principal

A

Ego functions; safisfaction of demands of the id only when negative consequence will not be the result

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9
Q

Superego

A

Acts as moral center. Contains conscience. To feel guilt or anxiety when they do something wrong

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10
Q

Conscience

A

Produces guilt, depending on how acceptable the behavior is

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11
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to regonize or awknowledge threatening behavior

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12
Q

Repression

A

Pushing aside threatening or conflicting events or situations

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

Making acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

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14
Q

Projection

A

Placing our own unacceptable behavior onto others

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15
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Forming emotional reaction/ attitudes opposite of threat

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16
Q

Displacement

A

Directing angry feelings onto someone else, someone innocent/ less

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17
Q

Regression

A

Falling back to childlike patterns to cope with stressful situations

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18
Q

Identification

A

Trying to be like someone else to deal with anxiety

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19
Q

Compensation

A

Substitution

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20
Q

Sublimation

A

Turning socially unacceptable behavior to socially acceptable behavior

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21
Q

Fixation

A

Conflicts that are not fully resolved, disorder in whicb the person does not resolve the conjunct in a particular stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associate with early stage, getting “stuck”

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22
Q

Pyschosexual Stages

A

5 stages proposed by Freud, sexual development of a child

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23
Q

Fixiation

A

Unresolved conflict in psychosexual stages, resulting in personality traits and associate behavior

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24
Q

Oral Stage

A

First 18 months. Stage 1, mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is primary conflict

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25
Anal Stage
18 to 36 months. Stage 2, anus is erogenous zone and toilet training is primary source of conflict
26
Phallic Stage
3 to 6 years. Stage 3, child is discovering sexual feelings
27
Oedipus Complex
MALE. occurs in phallic stage, child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and jealousy of same-sex parent
28
Electra Complex
FEMALE. occurs in phallic stage, child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and jealousy of same-sex parent
29
Latency Stage
6 years to puberty. Stage 4, sexual feelings of the child are repressed (dormant) while child develops in other ways
30
Genital Stage
Puberty on. Stage 5, final stage. Sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves toward adult and sexual behavior
31
Psychoanalysis
Insight therapy based on Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts, his term for the theory of personality and the therapy based on it
32
The Neo Freudians
The “new” Freudian psychoanalysts. Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories
33
Carl Gustav Jung
Believed there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well called archetypes.
34
Personal Unconscious
Jung’s name for the unconcious mind as described by Freud
35
Collective Unconscious
Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species
36
Archetypes
Jung’s collective, universal human memories
37
Persona
Side of individual’s personality that is shown to the world
38
Anima
The feminine side of man
39
Animus
The masculine side of women
40
The Shadow
The dark side of personality, “the Devil” in Western Culture
41
Alfred Adler
Disagreed over importance of sexuality within personality development, thinks humans seek superiority
42
Karen Horney
Disagreed with views between differences of male and female, espeically penis envy. Came up with “womb envy”.
43
Neurotic Personalities
Maladaptive ways of dealing with relarionships
44
Erik Erikson
Studied with Anna Freud, broke away from Freud’s emphasis on sex, referring to emphasis on social relationships that are important in every state of life
45
Behaviorist
Researchers who use the principals of conditioning to explain actions and reactions of animals and humans
46
Social Cognitive Theorists
Researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive facots on learning
47
Habits
In behaviorism, sets of well-leadned responses that have become automatic
48
Social Cognitive Learning Theorists
Emphasis the importance of both influences of other people’s behavior and person’s own expectancies learning
49
Albert Bandura
Came up with social theory
50
Social Cognitive View
Learning theory, cognitive processes such as anticipation, judging, memory, and imitations of models
51
3 Factors of Influence One Another
The Enviorment The Behavior Itself Personal or Cognitive Fears
52
Reciprocal Determinism
How factors of enviorment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determin future behavior
53
Self-Efifacy
Not self esteem. Expectancy on how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be. Can be high or low , depending on past sucesses or failures, what other people tell them about their competence, and their own assessments of their own abilities
54
Locus Control
Tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
55
Expectancy
Person’s subjective feeling that a particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences
56
Humanistic Perspective
“Third force” led by psychologist Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focus on things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one’s own destiny
57
Self Actualizing Tendency
“Strive for fufilment” striving to fufill one’s innate capacities and capabilities
58
Self-Concept
Image of oneself, develops from interactions with important people
59
Self
Individual’s awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning
60
Positive Regard
Warm, affection, love, and respect that comes from important people or significant others
61
Unconditional Positive Regard
Positive regard without conditions or strings attached
62
Fully Functioning Person
In touch with and trusting of the deepest, intermost urges, and feelings
63
Real Self
One’s actual perception of characteristics, traits, and abilities that from the basis off the striving for self actualization
64
Ideal Self
The perception of what one should be or would like to be
65
Trait Theories
Ways to describe the characteristics thaf make uphiman personality in an effort to predict future behavior
66
Traits
A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
67
Gordon Allport
Believed that these traits were literally wired into the nervous system to guide one’s behavior across many different situations that each person’s “constellations” of traits was unique
68
Raymond Cattell
Defined two types of traits: Surface traits Source traits
69
Personality Traits
Aspects that can be seen easily by other people. The outward actions
70
Source Traits
More basic traits that underlie the surface traits forming the core of the personality. There are 16 personality traits
71
Introversion
Dimension in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation
72
Five Factor Model
O C E A N | Represent core description of human personality
73
O.C.E.A.N
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
74
Behavioral Genetics
Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics (inherited traits)
75
Direct Observation
The professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day to day behavior in clinical or natural setting
76
Rating Scale
A numerical value is assigned to sciate behavior that is listed on a scale
77
Frequency Count
Assement of frequency of a particular behavior is counted
78
Interview
Mood of personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer, in structured or unstructured manner
79
Personality Inventories
A questionnaire that requires specific answers
80
Personality Inventory
Test that consists of statements that require specific, standardized response from the person taking it
81
Hallo Effect
Tendency of any interviewers to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assesment of the client’s behavior and statements
82
Projective Tests
Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and asks the client to respnd with whatever comes to mind
83
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambitious stimuli
84
Thematic Approach (TAT)
Projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
85
Subjective
Concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejiduces, and personal experiences
86
Heritability
How much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior
87
Individualism
Tend to have loose ties between individuals, with people tending to look after themselves and their immediate families
88
Collectivistic Culture
People are from birth deeply tied into a very strong in-groups, typically extended families that include grandparents, aunts, uncles
89
Power Distance
The degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few rather than being more equally distributed
90
Masculinity/ Feminitity
How a culture distributes the roles played by men and women within a culture. “Masculine” cultures are more asserttive and competitive, although moreso for men than woman. “Feminine” cultures are more modest and caring
91
Uncertantity Avoidance
Some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty, ambiguity, and unstructured situations. Cultures that do not tolerate have strict rules and laws, with lots of security and safety measures. More tolerant cultures have few rules, and tend to allow different religous beliefs to exist side by side; are less anxious and emotional

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