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Psychology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The eight modalities of multiple intelligences

A

visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-kinaesthetic.

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2
Q

Information processing

A

Sensory input - Sensory memory - attention - shor term memory - maintenance - encoding - long term memory - retrieval - short term memory

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3
Q

Emotional intelligence

A
  • Ability to identify and manage ones emotions
  • Allows people to think before acting & have a greater self-awareness
  • communicate effectively
  • Aware of and able to control emotions: helps build up relationships
  • Junction where cognition and emotions meet
  • Measurable through self reports which may not be reliable
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4
Q

Describe different methods by which intelligence is assessed

A

IQ: how well you do in a test as compared to other people of your age group
Stanford-Binet scale: Cognitive strengths and weaknesses of children
Wechler’s intelligence scales for adults (WAIS-IV) and children (WISCIV)

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5
Q

What are some validity issues with intelligence tests

A
  • Not straight forward
  • Tests are used to compare an individual to a population
  • Measures:
    o Aspects of intelligence
    o Provides standardised score
    o Allows for predictions
    o Used as an assessment tool
  • Many different types of psychometric testing
  • Doesn’t consider, Genetics, Environment and education
  • IQ was made by Nazis for eugenics
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6
Q

Criticisms of diagnosis

A
  • the cause of most mental disorders are not known
  • makes it easy to diagnose ‘normal’ people
  • based on American culture
  • subjective reporting of symtoms
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7
Q

Adaptive behaviours

A

Skill developed as we age (gain experience)

- assist in our ability to relate to other, become independent and function on a daily basis

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8
Q

Maladaptive behaviours

A
  • developed in early childhood as a way of reducing things that interfere with ones ability to function
  • eg tantrums, self-harm, screaming, aggressive or disruptive behaviour
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9
Q

name all 6 approaches to normality

A 
Sociocultural
Situational
Historical
Statistical
Functional
Medical
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10
Q

Give an example of a sociocultural approach to normality

A

Tattoos may seem normal in Australian culture but are taboo in Japanese culture

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11
Q

Give an example of a Situational approach to normality

A

e.g. it would not be appropriate to laugh at a funeral, but fine when a friend is telling a joke

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12
Q

Give an example of a Historical approach to normality

A

E.g. controversial music from the 60’s is different from todays controversial music

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13
Q

Give an example of a statistical approach to normality

A

e.g. if an infant doesn’t learn to crawl within the expected timeframe

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14
Q

what is an example of a functional approach to normality

A

Suggests that behaviour is considered normal if the individual is able to lead a functional life

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15
Q

what is a medical approach to normality

A

views mental disorder in terms of a physical illness with a possible biological bias

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16
Q

what are the two main systems of classifying and diagnosing mental health disorders

A

DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
and
ICD (International classification of diseases)

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17
Q

What is the DSM

A
  • handbook that identifies and classifies symptoms of mental disorders
  • considers factors include: medical condition, psychosocial stressors and effect on patients day to day
  • Guide for clinicians
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18
Q

What is the ICD

A

Descriptive and based on the symptoms reported by patient

- doesn’t consider causes or treatment

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19
Q

Identify all types of psychological disorders and a mental illness with each category

A

Mood disorders - MDD
Personality disorders - BPD and APD
Psychotic disorders - Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders - anxiety and phobias

20
Q

Identify the 4 P’s of rist factors and protective factors

A

Predisposing risk factors
Precipitating risk factors
Perpetuating risk factors
Protective risk factors

21
Q

What is predisposing risk factors

A
  • inherited traits (genes) increase chances of mental disorder
  • environmental exposures before birth (Alcohol/drugs)
22
Q

Precipitating risk factors

A
  • stressful life situations (legal, financial)
  • victim on emotional, physical, sexual abuse or neglect
  • traumatic experiences
23
Q

perpetuating risk factors

A
  • alcohol, drugs
  • social isolation
  • family conflict
  • previous mental illness
24
Q

Protective factors

A

good sleep, diet and fitness

economic wellbeing

25
Describe the Biopsychosocial model
-holistic approach to treating psychological disorders by considering bio, psych and social factors Biological factors: - genetics and biochemical processes - medication, medical procedures Psychological factors: -Personality, behaviour, perception and cognition Social factors: - school, work environment - access to medical and support facilities
26
Biological risk factors
Genetic vulnerability to specific disorders
27
Medical risk factors
Some individuals respond better then others to medication
28
Poor sleep risk factors
sleep problems are common in patients with mental illness
29
substance abuse risk factors
addictive substances, such as alcohol change the way the brain works by interfering with chemical neurotransmission
30
Psychological risk factors
- Rumination - impaired reasoning and memory - stress
31
Social risk factors
- disorganised attachment | - loss of significant relationships
32
Describe the stigma on help seeking behavior
stigma associated with mental illness can leave people feeling embarrassed or ashamed and are less likely to seek or accept help
33
List and describe the 4 treatments of psychological disorders
psychotherapies: CBT Pharmacotherapies: Use of drugs and medication Electroconvulsive therapy: Electro shock therapy Psychosurgery: lobotomies
34
Explain the placebo effect
A placebo is an inert or inactive substance (such as a sugar pill) which causes a reduction in symptoms because people believe it will be effective
35
Explain two factor theory of emotion
A theory that suggests emotion is caused by assigning a cognitive label to the physiological response to a situation For example o You are walking alone in the dark and see a group of men ahead, wearing dark clothes. you notice that your heart rate is rapid and that you are swearing. based on this situation u can conclude that you are experiencing fear o You are at a concert dancing to your favourite band. you notice that your heart rate is rapid and that you are sweating. based on the situation you determine that you are feeling excited
36
Explain Appraisal theory of emotion
a theory that suggests we experience emotions based on our assessment of a situation or event e.g. seeing a person walking towards you may induce feelings of fear if you are alone at night; However, if you recognise this person you are likely to reappraise the situation
37
Describe the biological nature of cognitive appraisal
long route short route thing, check notes
38
Factors that influence happiness and wellbeing
``` Age physical health culture religion income and employment ```
39
What is subjective wellbeing
How people evaluate their lie to determining their level of wellbeing
40
what is psychological wellbeing
``` autonomy environmental mastery personal growth positive relations with others purpose in life self acceptance ```
41
Broaden and build theory of emotion
focuses on the effect of positive emotions such as joy, interest, contentment and love
42
What is mindfulness underpinned by
Attention - keep their attention on their immediate environment Acceptance - must be able to recognise and identify these experiences in a certain way
43
Explain the flow experience
describes the immersion people find themselves in when focusing on a task Positive affect and life satisfaction: state of flow is associated with enjoyment Performance and learning: Allows people to develop their skill and strengths positively
44
Explain the cognitive evaluation theory
Extrinsic motivation - People participate because they will receive something in return, such as a reward or because there will be negative consequences Intrinsic motivation - when people participate because they are benefitted by this
45
Explain achievement goal theory
theory that suggest people will be more motivated when they have clear goals that they believe are capable of achieving Task orientation: goals focused on mastering skill Ego orientation: Goals focused on becoming the best at a particular skill
46
Explain self-efficacy theory
essentially people are more likely to participate in activities in which they think they can achieve success
47
list the 5 parts of goal setting in motivation
``` Clear challenging commitment feedback task complexity ```

Psychology (2 decks)

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