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Psychology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The eight modalities of multiple intelligences

A

visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-kinaesthetic.

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2
Q

Information processing

A

Sensory input - Sensory memory - attention - shor term memory - maintenance - encoding - long term memory - retrieval - short term memory

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3
Q

Emotional intelligence

A
  • Ability to identify and manage ones emotions
  • Allows people to think before acting & have a greater self-awareness
  • communicate effectively
  • Aware of and able to control emotions: helps build up relationships
  • Junction where cognition and emotions meet
  • Measurable through self reports which may not be reliable
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4
Q

Describe different methods by which intelligence is assessed

A

IQ: how well you do in a test as compared to other people of your age group
Stanford-Binet scale: Cognitive strengths and weaknesses of children
Wechler’s intelligence scales for adults (WAIS-IV) and children (WISCIV)

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5
Q

What are some validity issues with intelligence tests

A
  • Not straight forward
  • Tests are used to compare an individual to a population
  • Measures:
    o Aspects of intelligence
    o Provides standardised score
    o Allows for predictions
    o Used as an assessment tool
  • Many different types of psychometric testing
  • Doesn’t consider, Genetics, Environment and education
  • IQ was made by Nazis for eugenics
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6
Q

Criticisms of diagnosis

A
  • the cause of most mental disorders are not known
  • makes it easy to diagnose ‘normal’ people
  • based on American culture
  • subjective reporting of symtoms
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7
Q

Adaptive behaviours

A

Skill developed as we age (gain experience)

- assist in our ability to relate to other, become independent and function on a daily basis

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8
Q

Maladaptive behaviours

A
  • developed in early childhood as a way of reducing things that interfere with ones ability to function
  • eg tantrums, self-harm, screaming, aggressive or disruptive behaviour
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9
Q

name all 6 approaches to normality

A 
Sociocultural
Situational
Historical
Statistical
Functional
Medical
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10
Q

Give an example of a sociocultural approach to normality

A

Tattoos may seem normal in Australian culture but are taboo in Japanese culture

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11
Q

Give an example of a Situational approach to normality

A

e.g. it would not be appropriate to laugh at a funeral, but fine when a friend is telling a joke

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12
Q

Give an example of a Historical approach to normality

A

E.g. controversial music from the 60’s is different from todays controversial music

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13
Q

Give an example of a statistical approach to normality

A

e.g. if an infant doesn’t learn to crawl within the expected timeframe

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14
Q

what is an example of a functional approach to normality

A

Suggests that behaviour is considered normal if the individual is able to lead a functional life

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15
Q

what is a medical approach to normality

A

views mental disorder in terms of a physical illness with a possible biological bias

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16
Q

what are the two main systems of classifying and diagnosing mental health disorders

A

DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
and
ICD (International classification of diseases)

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17
Q

What is the DSM

A
  • handbook that identifies and classifies symptoms of mental disorders
  • considers factors include: medical condition, psychosocial stressors and effect on patients day to day
  • Guide for clinicians
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18
Q

What is the ICD

A

Descriptive and based on the symptoms reported by patient

- doesn’t consider causes or treatment

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19
Q

Identify all types of psychological disorders and a mental illness with each category

A

Mood disorders - MDD
Personality disorders - BPD and APD
Psychotic disorders - Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders - anxiety and phobias

20
Q

Identify the 4 P’s of rist factors and protective factors

A

Predisposing risk factors
Precipitating risk factors
Perpetuating risk factors
Protective risk factors

21
Q

What is predisposing risk factors

A
  • inherited traits (genes) increase chances of mental disorder
  • environmental exposures before birth (Alcohol/drugs)
22
Q

Precipitating risk factors

A
  • stressful life situations (legal, financial)
  • victim on emotional, physical, sexual abuse or neglect
  • traumatic experiences
23
Q

perpetuating risk factors

A
  • alcohol, drugs
  • social isolation
  • family conflict
  • previous mental illness
24
Q

Protective factors

A

good sleep, diet and fitness

economic wellbeing

25
Q

Describe the Biopsychosocial model

A

-holistic approach to treating psychological disorders by considering bio, psych and social factors
Biological factors:
- genetics and biochemical processes
- medication, medical procedures
Psychological factors:
-Personality, behaviour, perception and cognition
Social factors:
- school, work environment
- access to medical and support facilities

26
Q

Biological risk factors

A

Genetic vulnerability to specific disorders

27
Q

Medical risk factors

A

Some individuals respond better then others to medication

28
Q

Poor sleep risk factors

A

sleep problems are common in patients with mental illness

29
Q

substance abuse risk factors

A

addictive substances, such as alcohol change the way the brain works by interfering with chemical neurotransmission

30
Q

Psychological risk factors

A
  • Rumination
  • impaired reasoning and memory
  • stress
31
Q

Social risk factors

A
  • disorganised attachment

- loss of significant relationships

32
Q

Describe the stigma on help seeking behavior

A

stigma associated with mental illness can leave people feeling embarrassed or ashamed and are less likely to seek or accept help

33
Q

List and describe the 4 treatments of psychological disorders

A

psychotherapies: CBT
Pharmacotherapies: Use of drugs and medication
Electroconvulsive therapy: Electro shock therapy
Psychosurgery: lobotomies

34
Q

Explain the placebo effect

A

A placebo is an inert or inactive substance (such as a sugar pill) which causes a reduction in symptoms because people believe it will be effective

35
Q

Explain two factor theory of emotion

A

A theory that suggests emotion is caused by assigning a cognitive label to the physiological response to a situation
For example
o You are walking alone in the dark and see a group of men ahead, wearing dark clothes. you notice that your heart rate is rapid and that you are swearing. based on this situation u can conclude that you are experiencing fear
o You are at a concert dancing to your favourite band. you notice that your heart rate is rapid and that you are sweating. based on the situation you determine that you are feeling excited

36
Q

Explain Appraisal theory of emotion

A

a theory that suggests we experience emotions based on our assessment of a situation or event
e.g. seeing a person walking towards you may induce feelings of fear if you are alone at night; However, if you recognise this person you are likely to reappraise the situation

37
Q

Describe the biological nature of cognitive appraisal

A

long route short route thing, check notes

38
Q

Factors that influence happiness and wellbeing

A 
Age
physical health
culture
religion
income and employment
39
Q

What is subjective wellbeing

A

How people evaluate their lie to determining their level of wellbeing

40
Q

what is psychological wellbeing

A 
autonomy
environmental mastery
personal growth
positive relations with others
purpose in life
self acceptance
41
Q

Broaden and build theory of emotion

A

focuses on the effect of positive emotions such as joy, interest, contentment and love

42
Q

What is mindfulness underpinned by

A

Attention
- keep their attention on their immediate environment
Acceptance
- must be able to recognise and identify these experiences in a certain way

43
Q

Explain the flow experience

A

describes the immersion people find themselves in when focusing on a task
Positive affect and life satisfaction: state of flow is associated with enjoyment
Performance and learning: Allows people to develop their skill and strengths positively

44
Q

Explain the cognitive evaluation theory

A

Extrinsic motivation
- People participate because they will receive something in return, such as a reward or because there will be negative consequences
Intrinsic motivation
- when people participate because they are benefitted by this

45
Q

Explain achievement goal theory

A

theory that suggest people will be more motivated when they have clear goals that they believe are capable of achieving
Task orientation: goals focused on mastering skill
Ego orientation: Goals focused on becoming the best at a particular skill

46
Q

Explain self-efficacy theory

A

essentially people are more likely to participate in activities in which they think they can achieve success

47
Q

list the 5 parts of goal setting in motivation

A 
Clear
challenging
commitment
feedback
task complexity

Psychology (2 decks)

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