Psychology 18 Test Flashcards
norms
unwritten rules that govern the behavior of groups of people
social psychology
how groups influence individuals’ attitudes and behaviors
roles
expectations society creates for how one is supposed to act
social loafing
tendency for individuals to put in less effort into group projects
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks
group polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations
groupthink
desire for harmony overrides a realistic appraisal
bystander effect
less likely to help someone when more people are present
diffusion of responsibility
when it is not clear who is responsible for an action
altruism
unselfish concern of one individual for the welfare of another
attribution theory
explain others’ behaviors
dispositional factors
personality characteristics that affect a person’s behavior
situational factors
environmental stimuli that affect a person’s behavior
fundamental attribution error
when judging OTHERS behavior to OVERESTIMATE the role of personal factors (disposition) and UNDERESTIMATE environmental factors (situation)
self-fulfilling prophecy
tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them
stereotypes
overgeneralizations or schemas society creates about a group
prejudice
unjustified negative attitude for a different ethnic or racial group
discrimination
unjustified negative BEHAVIORS towards a group
scapegoat theory
when we blame a particular group for societal frustrations
ethnocentrism
belief that your culture or social group is superior to others
Just-World phenomenon
tendency to believe world is fair and that people get what they deserve
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences
conformity
adopt the attitudes or behaviors shared by a group
compliance
engaging in a particular behavior at another person’s request
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
tendency to comply with a large request of previously complied with a small request
reciprocity
small gift makes others feel obligation to agree to a later request
attitude
how we respond favorably or unfavorably to certain people, objects, or events
mere exposure effect
increased liking for a person or stimulus after repeated presentation
informational social influence
effect of accepting communication of knowledge or opinions of others
normative social influence
effect of accepting behavior or behaving in ways to gain approval or disapproval
cognitive dissonance
DISCOMFORT that results when having CLASHING THOUGHTS or when your BEHAVIOR CLASHES WITH YOUR THOUGHTS
central route of persuasion
FACTUAL INFORMATION is used to persuade an individual
peripheral route of persuasion
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS are used to persuade an individual
Philip zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment assigned roles of “prisoners” and “guards”; shows impact of SOCIAL ROLES AND DEINDIVIDUATION
Stanley milgram
teacher applies “shocks” when learner does not answer correctly; 66% inflict highest shock; shows impact of OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY
Solomon asch
line segment experiment where 33% of time individuals conformed to wrong answer and 75% of individuals conformed at least twice; shows impact of CONFORMITY
Robert rosenthal
teachers were told certain expectations about students which came true; shows impact of SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
components of genocide
victims, extensiveness, organization, purpose
ingroup
“us” people who share common identity
outgroup
“them” different or apart of one’s ingroup
ingroup bias
tendency to favor one’s own group
dehumanization
ability to view victims of violence as somehow less than human
double-speak
language deliberately constructed to disguise or distort it’s actual meaning
social trap
both parties get caught in mutually destructive behavior
consistency and commitment
remain consistent in thoughts and behaviors
social proof
tendency to follow example of others
scarcity
value items more that are less available
causes of aggression
genes; neural influences; biochemical influences; alcohol
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger; leading to aggression
similarity
share common goals, interests, and attitudes
passionate love
aroused state of intensive positive absorption in another
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whole our lives are intertwined
equity
people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
social exchange theory
our social behavior is an exchange process
