Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts did Freud divide the psyche into

A

Edo, id and the superego
Conscious, Unconscious and the Conscience

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2
Q

Who inspired Freud to beign thinking of religion as a product of the mind

A

Ludwig Feuerbach

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3
Q

What did Freud liken religion too

A

A neurosis-e.g. not regularly doing a ritual will result in negative consequences similar to ocd

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4
Q

What did Freud believe the religious neurosis arose from

A

Repressed desires

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5
Q

Why does Freud think religion has been popularised

A

Oedipus complex- people feel guilty ffor wanting to kill their father and so reinvent a bigger father to act as a suzerain-god

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6
Q

What did Darwin believe society had arisen from

A

THe primal horde-hunter gatherer society

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7
Q

What book did Freud write abouit the nature of early religious thought and what was in it

A

The totem and the taboo-The idea that primitive groups had both totems, to protect, and taboos, things to not do, and that all religion is like this; primeval superstitions e.e. communion-totemic meal

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8
Q

Who does freud think is most susceptible to religion

A

Children-Infantile illusion

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9
Q

What was Freuds main contribution to atheistic ways of thinking

A

The addition of a psychological line of thought through the oedipus complex

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10
Q

How does freud state that religion is a form of wish fulfillment

A

For those who lack control over their lives, it is a way of attributing cause to something else conscious, even over things like the weather etc as a way to satisfy the desire for certainty and fear of the unknown

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11
Q

How is freud criticised from an anthropological perspective

A

Freud and Robertson-smith, who inspired freud, vaguely guessed at what early human life(re.g. primal horde under a singular alpha male) was like and drew sweeping conclusions from about human nature which are dubious at best.

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12
Q

Which society, studied by Malinowski, provded evidence against freuds conclusions

A

Trobriand islanders of New Guineau, who, in opposition of the oedipus complex, created a matriarchal society, hence no universal physchological need to overthrow their fathers.
Malinowksi concluded that although the oedipus complex could exist, it was not innate, and so was caused by culture, not the other way round.

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13
Q

What is perhaps the main criticism of freuds work

A

By far too narrow of an evidence base-His clientele were mostly rich viennese women with very limite representation of anyone else yet he claimed his conclusions were universal e.g. His ideas of god are all exclusively male-thinking about one speciffic type of religious worship

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14
Q

What has Freud been accused of, due to his preconceived notions about religion, before starting his analysis

A

Confirmation bias, in which he seeks to support a hypothesis (Feuerbachs, of religion being made up), and rejecting or redefining any evidence to the contrary

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15
Q

Why does freud deserve some credit, even if he was completely wrong

A

He opened up the psychological discussion of atheism and bought greater awareness of mental health issues sexuality religion etc

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16
Q

How does carl jungs model of the psyche differ to freuds

A

Consciousness(ego)-freud
Personal unconsciousness-freud
Collective Unsconsciousness(reservoir of archetypes)-not freud-from evolution-hereditary

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17
Q

Who inspired Jungs idea of collective Unsoncsious

A

Kant in Critique of Pure Reason, who posited that we impose meaning on phenomena based on our interpretation of the world-e.g.sky is not blue, we just assign it that nature

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18
Q

What are Jung’s archetypes

A

The Forms or Images in our collective unconsciousness that help us understand the world

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19
Q

What are some archetypes Jung has identified from myths and fables from around the world

A

The Mother(Mary, fertility goddesses etc), The Child God(Jesus, Krishna, Buddha) The Hero(Theseus, David, Jack and the beanstalk)

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20
Q

Who created a similar concept to Jungs archetypes

A

Plato with his forms-he declared people know what beauty, justice etc are becuase there is a perfect version of them we are aware of but never see

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21
Q

Which 5 Archetypes did Jung emphasise

A

The Persona-Pretend personality
The Shadow-Hidden side-jekyll and hyde, dorian gray
Anima and Animus-Opposite sex characteristics-feminise side of men etc
The Self-Images of royalty and balance-the soul in eastern thought(written about very esotericly)

22
Q

What did Jung beleive could cause mental health problems

A

If one archetype becomes too prominent
E.g. the persona-leads to social anxiety over how they are perceived

23
Q

What is God, in Jungs view

A

An Archetype(the self within us)

24
Q

What is Individuation

A

Accoridng to Jung-the reconciliation of different aspects of their lives and worldview in order to ahcieve wholeness

25
What does Jung attribute the religious feeling of something greater than themselves to
The collective unconsciousness-through religion and the god archetype one is accessing millenia of ancestral memories
26
Does jung engage with god as a metaphysical being or merely within the bounds of psychology
He viewed god mainly as an archetype, acknowledging that it exists insomuch as it exerts an influence on how people think, similar to kant
27
What reduces the credibility of both freud and jungs theories
The lack of empirical evidence for physcohological conclusions
28
How did Gardner Murphy criticise Jung
He thought he jumped to conclusions too quickly, seeing a view common phenomena in stories and drawing archetypal conclusions
29
What is an alternative conclusion rather than jungs archetypes
That people globally live similar lives, e.g. all born from a mother, so their stories contain repetitive themes for no reason other than that shared experience. Same with persona-repressing some feelings in order to fit into society
30
What are people who accept freud or jungs views about religion sometimes criticised off
Reductionist views-religion is no more than a product of the human mind discounts reliiogus belief, and many people believe that Jung did not disprove religion as nothing more than an archetype for societal cohesion, and there is no evidence that god didnt exist before the first people
31
WHat is eschatological justification
John Hicks idea that after death we will finally know what is true about god and the world
32
What is anthony flews distinciton between postiive and negative atheism, and from which side does he think that the atheistic argument should start from
Positive-asserts the non-existence of god Negative-Someone who is not a theist From the negative position
33
What metaphor does flew use for the atheist argument
Benefits scrounger-Applicannt has burned of proof-beleiver, but the govt shouldnt assume all applicants are frauds or liars-non-believer
34
What other position do atheists often maintain
Materialism-beleive the physical world constitutes all that exists and phenomena like love arise out of the physical world
35
Who introduced the term agnostic
Thomas Huxley
36
WHat does Russell say is the main difference between agnostics and atheists and believers
Atheists/theists believe an answer can be known as to whether or not there is a god Agnostics believe we can never know
37
Who are the 4 horseman of new atheism
Dawkins, Hitchens, Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris
38
What is the main reason for the rise in new atheism
rise in religiously motivated terrorist attacks e.g. 9/11
39
What idea do new atheists believe about the accpetance of religion
Paradox of tolerance
40
What did Sam Harris think about religion
Book-End of Faith Focuses on danger of reliogus extremism Like freud, compares religious belief to mental illness faith is aligned to ignorance
41
What does dawkins think and do
Books-God delusion, selfish gene, blind watchmaker Dawkins claims due to darwin and others, it is no longer logical to be a theist. God of the gaps argument ineffectiveness of prayer etc Believes religion is at the heart of abuse and pain-war etc faith schools are abuse
42
What does daniel dennet think and do
book-breaking the spell Religion should be analysed using scientifc principles and studied as a human phenomenon. Breaking the spell-he wants to reveal that religion is a human construct and remove its hold on peoples mind. However he does not mind people holding false beliefs, unless they harm others
43
What does christopher hitchens think and do
book-God is not great How religon poisons everything-original subtitle religion is out of date-bible is a collection of oral traditions, religion leads to unnnecesary intefering in the lives of others, its intolerant and prmootes bigotry, ignorance and anti-scientific thinking
44
What do the new atheists declare about religious fundamentalists
They are non-thinking, in that they will not accept their truth claims being put to test in the same way as a scientific hypothesis Embracing the concept of mystery and the idea the bible is divinely inspired all allegedly prevent people from thinking for themselves and just trusting religion
45
What does John Loftus point out about religious believers
They often question and disregard other faiths but never apply the same scrutiny to their own faiths
46
Does religion present an infantile worldivew
According to freud and the new atheists yes, god as a father figure encourages humanity to not strive for anything on their own Religion is a form of societal control-marx, like the rules a parent sets down, borne out of fairytales
47
Does religion impede scientific progress
Yes-galileo-imprisoned, darwin ideas suppressed, creationism in the us stem cell, aids research all limited by religion
48
What example does dennet give of a firmly held belief that leads to negative consequences, even if held for good reason
All races are equal so we shouldnt look into differences between races, even if it would prevent diseases more common in one race
49
What are some responses to new atheism
Religious apologists-New Atheism picks at specific instnances of religion, a strawman, rather than religion itself Desmond Tutu-religion is like a knife-misuses rather than the good its done Swinburne-book-coherence of theism-religon can be rational Tina Beattie criticises new atheisst for lack of critical engagement with religious ideas
50
Are science and religion incompatible
No-Many scientific thinkers were extremely religious robert boyle, faraday, all devout christians
51
Who converted from atheism to christianity after a degree in molecular biophysics
Alister Mcgrath-book-dawkins delusion(main claim is dawkins widely misrepresents religion)