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Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scale error

A

Assuming the small version is the same as the original thing

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2
Q

What is the structure?

A

Some piece of the organism that performs the action

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3
Q

What is function

A

The action of the structure

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4
Q

What is continuous develpment

A

Quantitative; builds on stages

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5
Q

What is Qualitative development?

A

Stage theories: qualities emerge at specific times

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6
Q

What is bronfenbrenner’s ecological system’s theory

A

Children are at the center of a bunch of concentric circles/ Not raised in isolation and is influenced by fam, church, culture, etc.

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7
Q

Who is Arnold Gesell

A

Believes that development is the unfolding of one’s genetic potential- this is called maturational theory and is not valid

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8
Q

Konrad’s work with goslings proved what:

A

That all animals will form attachments at some point (With goslings, they would imprint quickly on the first living thing they say after hatching

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9
Q

TimePeriod: Sensorimotor Period

A

Birth to age 2

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10
Q

TimePeriod Preopoerational Period

A

age 2-7

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11
Q

Concrete Operational Period

A

7-11

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12
Q

When is object permanence developed?

A

18 mopnths

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13
Q

When is syumbolic thought developed

A

Early Preoperational

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14
Q

Which stage is defined by mastering the preoperational stage (understand centration and reversibility now)

A

Concrete operational period

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15
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Vygotsky: Children learn the skills of their culture through interactions with adults

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16
Q

What is the expectency effect

A

When the observer’s expectations influence their observations

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17
Q

Inter-rater reliabilty check

A

When 2 people do the observations and compare notes to see their biases

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18
Q

What is sampling behavior

A

When the researcher creates tasks for the kid to elicif the desired and studied behavior

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19
Q

What 2 types of research are used in child dev. psychology

A

Structured + clinial interview

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20
Q

What is internal validity

A

How much do the conditions you create affect your results - making sure that extermal factors are not influencing the experiment

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21
Q

What is external validity

A

How much the world is influencing your results

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22
Q

Are scientists more internally or externally valid in their research

A

Being too internall vaid:
Their scenarios will be very tightly controlled; ot externaly valid because not applicable to external and real life.

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23
Q

Selective Attrtion

A

When people leave a longitudinal study and this scews the results because there is probably something special about the individuals who choose to leave.

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24
Q

What is the hybrid between longitudinal and cross sectional studies called?

A

Longitudinal sequential studies

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25
Q

What is the gene-environment correlation

A

Your genes will influence the experiences you will have, ultimately causing you to be a certain person

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26
Q

What are the 3 effects in the gene-environment correlation

A

Passive, Evocative, and Active

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27
Q

Passic, Evocative, and Active: What are the differences

A

Passive: The things that happen to you . Evocative: Infleunce of perrs and other people in your life based on your geneticcomposition, and Active: The cjhoices you make based on your genetics

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28
Q

We have 2 babies in the hospital. Both are born with the biological predisposition to depression. One is pretty and one is ugly .

A

Pretty baby is treated well by everyone, has the Halo efect, has friends, gets self esteem and is respected and eventually makes choices based on her friends that treated her a crtain way due to her looks.THe other baby grows up and gets bullied and is isolated. She believes she is ugly and therefore, unworthy, and develops depression.

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29
Q

Explain epigenesis

A

When there is no change in the structure of the genes, but the function of those genes changes based on the experience of the individual

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30
Q

Stages of development: When is the germinal stage

A

Up to 2 weeks

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31
Q

Stages of development: When is the Embryonic period

A

2/3 weeks til 8 weeks

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32
Q

Stages of development:

A

Week 9 to birth

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33
Q

Stages of development: When are the ectoderm, mezoderm, and macroderm formed?

A

Embryonic

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34
Q

What stage do the xital organs begin to form?

A

Embryonic

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35
Q

Stages of development: What does the Ecoderm layer become?

A

Hair, nervous tissue, and outer skin

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36
Q

Stages of development: What does the mesoderm turn into?

A

Becomes muslces, bones, and circulatory system

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37
Q

Stages of development: What does teh Endoterm turn into?

A

Digestive system and lungs

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38
Q

Which period is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Embryonic

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39
Q

Whenis the theshhold of viability?

A

22-28 weeks

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40
Q

Babies [refer aste and sounds that were presented to themin utero

A

True!

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41
Q

Thalidomide

A

Causes abnormal fetal development

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42
Q

What are the principles of damage that teratogens can do?

A
  1. The impact of a teratoen depends on the genes of the organism
  2. The impact of teratogens changes over the course of development
  3. Teratogen damage is specific to areas in the fetus
  4. The impact of a teratogen depends on the dose
  5. Not always detectable at birth
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43
Q

If the teratogen is exposed during the embryonic period, there are often major structural defects to the individual when born

A

true

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44
Q

When the teratogen is exposed during the zygote, there is often instant death

A

true

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45
Q

When teratogen is evposed to fetus

A

The effects are either not shown at birth or are internal.

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46
Q

What is genetic counsellingq

A

When the counsellor looks for genetic diseases and heritible diseases in fetuses

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47
Q

Amniocentesis

A

When a needle is inserted into abdomen and a sample of amniotic fluid is samplewd
At 16 weeks conception
Higher risk of miscarriage because of interference

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48
Q

t/f: if the mom’s postpartum depression lasts a long time, it canmake the kid have attachment issues of have antisocial behavior

A

True

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49
Q

what are the two different asessments for the baby ?

A

Apgar and NBAS (NBAS is more comprehensive than Apgar)

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50
Q

Viewing nearby objects as moving across our visual field faster than those at a distance

A

Motion Parallax

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51
Q

What is retinal disparity

A

the l and r eyes view things differently

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52
Q

what are the three componenets of attention

A

Orienting network, alerting, and executive

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53
Q

What does the orienting network o

A

Selects which slimuli to focus on

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54
Q

What does the alerting networdk do

A

Keeping a child’s attention procesesprepared, ready to respond to stimuli

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55
Q

What does the evecutive network do

A

Monitors thoughts and feelngs and responses in conflict situations

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56
Q

Timmy knows that his dog bark and licks his face. Timmy goes to his frends’ house and their dog acts the same way. This alligns with Timmy’s beliefs about dogs and he incorporate this into his knowledge base

A

Assimlation

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57
Q

Timmy is surprised when he sees a cat because he had initially assumed it was a a dog because it had4 legs.

A

Accomodiation

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58
Q

What is equilibration

A

When a child reorgnizes her theories about something to make it all make sense

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59
Q

this view says that the mind is a computer that processes information serially

A

Information processing Model

60
Q

What are the elements of the atkinson shiffrin model of memory

A

Sensory, working, and long term

61
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of lng term memory

A

Procedural and Declarative

62
Q

What phase: No actual relationship, baby does not have a preference for anyone

A

Preattachment

63
Q

What phase: Baby prefers carefivers but has no separation anxiety

A

Attachement-in-the-makin

64
Q

What phase: Separation Anxiety, Relies on caregiver for all things

A

Clear-cut attachment

65
Q

Reciprocol relationship

A

Able to get over stress of a parent being gone

66
Q

In the stranger experiment, the baby is unconcerned when the parents leave and gets comfort from toys, not the person. What attachment style is this?

A

Insecure-Avoidant

67
Q

In the stranger experiment, the baby freaks out when the parent leaves and is very upset even whwn the parent comes back

A

Insecure-resistant

68
Q

In this strange situation, the baby is confused, doesn’t know how to deal with the stress and is distressed

A

Disorganized attachment

69
Q

Which attachment style is the most maladaptive?

A

Disorganized, because this is oftne caused by disorganized parenting (the baby does not know how mom will react and can’t act properly back) and disorganized

70
Q

What traits are specific to kids who have a lot of resiliency

A

Having a close relationship with an adult and having personality (optismism, intelligene, ego control, no overreact)

71
Q

how do we know that animals do not have cutural transmissiion, even though we can see animals washing fruits?

A

The behavior ne ver imroved upon itself, the speed of thee behavior never improved

72
Q

What is mimicry?

A

Repeating an exact behavior without any understanding of why you do it

73
Q

What is goal emulation

A

observing another performing a task with an item to achieve a goal and using the same object in a different way to achieve the goal (eg a chid seeing mom using tape to stick his drawing to the wall. Instead of pulling off a small piece of tape, he pulls off a foot wads and uses it to stick it to the wall

74
Q

Imitative learning

A

Preproducing the exact same behavior to achieve the exact same goal

75
Q

What is mutual imitation

A

Smiling or cooing in response to carefiver also smiling

76
Q

Why do kids overimitate?

A

Because they assume that the adukt must know something they dont know and assume they have their best interests at heart

77
Q

What did the national geographic study show?

A

Chimps engage in emulation of behavior, but use different means to achieve a same goal,
But humans are different because children assume that adults will faithfully teach them what they need to know.

78
Q

what is reciprocol determinism

A

Children are influencini their environment just as much as the environment is influencing them

79
Q

What is self efficacy and its difference between that and self esteem

A

Viewing yourself as an effective human. Self esteem depends on self efficacy in certin things

80
Q

When do babies tell the difference between all language phonemes

A

up until 9 months

81
Q

What is Preceptual Narrowing

A

When you synaptically prune the unnecessary stuff so that you only understand the phonemes of your languag

82
Q

When do you get your first words

A

10-13 months

83
Q

When is fast mapping

A

18-24 motnths

84
Q

When are overextenion and underextention grammatical errors more common?

A

When fast mapping

85
Q

When do kids master telegraphic speech

A

24 months

86
Q

What is telegraphic speech

A

Not using prepositions and only using essential words

87
Q

What is metalinguistic awareness

A

When you have the ability to analyze and reflect on the structure of language, separate from its meaning
(understanding puns, sarcasm, and double meanings)

88
Q

Beng aware that your actions impact the world around you is the ___ self

A

“I”

89
Q

Having concious awareness of the self as distinct from others. It is an explicit sense of the world and emerges at 8 months

A

The “Me” self

90
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

We don’t remember anything before age 3.
We don’t have a self concept until age 2
–This is why we don’t have memories from before age 3.

91
Q

Significance of the red dot test (add in months)

A

Mom puts a red dot on the baby’s face, then puts them in front of a mirror. If the baby tries to wipe it away on their head, they have a form of self concept. If they try to wipe off the mirror dot, they don’t have self-awareness.
18 m. couldnt. 24 m. could.

92
Q

What is the early childood self concept characterized by ?

A

Focusing on unchanging aspects of themselves

93
Q

5-7 year old’s self concepts

A

More likely to mention emotions when talking about themselves
Mention what social groups they belong in

94
Q

Adolesncence sence of identity

A

Includes attitudes, has a focus on psychological characteristics, and acknowledges that their self concept is variable and is future orientated

95
Q

Preschoolers understand concrete stuff so their identity is tied to that concrete stuff

A

true

96
Q

Older kids start to identify with social groups and compare themselves to others

A

true

97
Q

Adolescents understand abstract concepts and focus on that; persnoality, ambitions, futures, etc.

A

true.

98
Q

Personal Fable

A

Teenager’s tendency to believe that their experiences are completely unque and no one feels the same thing that they do or has been through the same things

99
Q

What are the different stages of identity formation

A

Diffusion, Forecloseure, Identity Moratorium, and Achievement

100
Q

Diffusion

A

When adolescents don’t have an identity and aren’t doing anything about it

101
Q

Foreclosure

A

When adolescents have an identity chucked on them by an adult

102
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

Wehen adolescents are still examining different alternatives to their identity but don’t have one

103
Q

Achievement

A

When adolescents found their identity (These do not occur in sequence)

104
Q

It is harder for minority children to develop an identiy in a country especially when they are adopted into an opposite-race family

A

true

105
Q

Adolescnets who have achieved ethnic identity and made peace with it have higher self esteem and have better relationship with fam, friends, and self

A

true

106
Q

What are the stages of gender identity?

A

Gender identity
Gender Stability
Gender Consistency
Gender Constancy

107
Q

What is gender identity

A

Age 2
Idetnify others as “boy” or “girl”
Based on actions and activities and hairstyles that classify gender
Don’t think that gender is permanent.
If Bob is wearing blue, he is a boy. If he puts on a pink shirt, he is now a girl.

108
Q

What is gender stability

A

Age 5
Believe that their gender is unchangeable but that another’s sex is changeable.
E.g. A 5 year old may think that his brother, who is wearing a dress is now a girl ,but knows that he, himself is a boy.

109
Q

What is gender consistency

A

Knowing that their own gender is their own, and others are permanent. This is also gender constancy

110
Q

young kids have rigid gender steryotypes

A

This is in the beginning of elementary, then lose it, then these come back in adolescence

111
Q

what is the social learning theory of gender

A

Identidying the parts of the environment sends children about maleness and femaleness
If a boy and a girl watch TV where the dad is the breadwinner and the mom is making his dinner, the kids are likely to assume these roles
Chores are often gendered.
Girl doing the dishes, boy doing lawnmowing
Can schools enforce socialization of gender
If a school as more funding for male sports teams, it sends a message to girls that sports are not meant for them

112
Q

Are monkeys capable of moral behavior?

A

vervet monkeys
They make alarm clock noises when scared, to warn fellow monkeys at predators, but they actually make it more likely for the predator to come after them.

113
Q

Which brain regions are associated with empathy?

A

Ventromedial cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and mirror neurons

114
Q

what is moral realism

A

Heteronormous morality
Rules are absolute and unchangeable

115
Q

What is moral relativism

A

Autonomous morality
Children understanding that perople create rules to get along and that rules can be changed

116
Q

Morality of cooperation

A

The same as moral relativism and that people work together for the better of society

117
Q

what are the 2 substages of the preconventional level

A

Punishment vs. Obedience
and
Instrumental purpose

118
Q

What is the punishment vs. Obedience perspective of postconventional morality>

A

Behave morally to avoid punishment
The stick

119
Q

What is instrumental purpose in the postconventional perspective?

A

Focus on behaving morally to be rewarded. It is focusing on external rewards.
The carrot

120
Q

What are the 2 substages of conventional morality

A

the Good boy/ good girl stage
and
maintaining social order stage

121
Q

What is the good boy/good girl stage of conventional moraltity?

A

Wanting people to think of them as a good person

122
Q

What is the maintaining social order stage of conventional morality

A

Being moral because it is your civic duty to do so

123
Q

Which stage: :
“The principle of stealing is wrong because it is wrong to take someone else’s stuff. If I stole bread to feed my family, that would be right.
Understanding universal ethical principes
Understands social contract morality
Laws and rules that are meant to further humanity

A

Postconventional

124
Q

What is Gillian’s theory of moral development

A

Focus on care as the basis for moral reasoning. (both males and females)

125
Q

What are the threee components of Turiel’s social domain theory

A

Social conventions, personal preferences, and rules that everyone shoudl follow

126
Q

Social conventions (what are)

A

customs determined by group consensus (like table manners). Ritualistic

127
Q

The domains of social judgement are:

A

Moral transgressions, social conventions, and personal domain

128
Q

What is prosocial behavior

A

Actions that benefit others – not just the self
Altruism is prosocial behavior that helps another with no expectation of direct benefit to the helper.

129
Q

what are the 2 types of empathy

A

Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand another’s emotions.
Affective empathy is the ability to actually feel the other person’s emotions.

130
Q

what are the three types of aggression

A

Instrumental (to get something)
Hostile (unprovoked)
Reactive (reactive)
Relational (Gossip)

131
Q

What things make kids aggressive?

A

Monitoring refers to parents’ knowledge of where their children are, what they’re doing, and whom they’re with.
Children are more likely to be aggressive when parents use physical punishment, don’t monitor them, or constantly argue and fight.
Authoritarian is associated with higher rates of aggression
When love withdrawal is used as a punishment, it leads to more aggression
Kids who engage in proactive aggression have inflated self esteem
Physical aggression is highest in early childhood; verbal aggression is highest in mid childhood and adolescence.

132
Q

What did the fishy cracker study show?

A

14 months have worse theory of mind than 18 month olds

133
Q

true or false: It is easier for kids to acknowledge that other people have desires to do something, but hard to realize they have different knowledge to them

A

true

134
Q

If a kid fails the smartie false belief task, it means:

A

They have not mastered theory of mind thinking. (3 year olds will fail, but 4 pass)

135
Q

why do 3 year olds often fail the sally-anne task?

A

They don’t have dual representation and poor executive function

136
Q

What is dual representative

A

The need to represent 2 things at once

137
Q

What things impact kid’s theory of mind

A

Language skills
maternal warmth
Maternal emotive expression (“I feel sad..etc.)
The more adults than children interact = better
If deception is the motive, they will put more thought into it and perform better

138
Q

What are the 4 periods of the Mind-reading system?

A

Intentionality Detecting
Eye-direction detector
Shared attention on something
Theory of mind

139
Q

the reverse rouge test shows what?

A

Kids will lie to preserve someone’s feelings

140
Q

What does the temptation-resistance paradigm prove?

A

Most kids cheat and most of them lie about it. the 3 year olds immediately confessed.
Of the liars, 3/4 gave themeslves away by giving info they would only know if they had cheated
16% said idk
10% made up a new story to cover their lie

141
Q

Semantic Leakage Control

A

Keeping oneself away from giving away the truth (the abilty to maintain consistency between statements during deception

142
Q

What are the compoenents to a successful lie?

A

1: First order theory of mind
(Creating a false belief in someone else’s mind)
2: Second-order theory of mind
(Understanding what the other person expects you to know)

143
Q

When does second order theory of mind emerge?

A

6 yr

144
Q

Kids who have good second-order theory of mind…

A

…. will also be better liars

145
Q
A

Psychology (2 decks)

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