Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SAP > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is social psychology and how does it relate to the bystander effect?

A

Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. It examines how social environments shape personality, attitudes, and behavior. The bystander effect is a phenomenon studied in social psychology where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present, due to factors like diffusion of responsibility and conformity to social norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did the Kitty Genovese case contribute to the understanding of the bystander effect?

A

Kitty Genovese’s murder in front of witnesses who didn’t intervene sparked research. It showed that in groups, people are less likely to help when others are around. Factors like assuming someone else will act and uncertainty about what to do play a role.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some reasons why bystanders might fail to help in an emergency situation, according to social psychology?

A

Diffusion of Responsibility: Individuals feel less personally responsible to intervene when others are present.
Pluralistic Ignorance: Bystanders look to others for cues on how to act and assume others know better.
Conformity to Social Norms: If others are not helping (casual crowd phenomenon), bystanders are less likely to intervene to avoid standing out or appearing foolish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does social psychology help explain the bystander effect in modern contexts, such as online environments?

A

Online, the bystander effect can be stronger due to anonymity and feeling less accountable. People might hesitate to help or intervene digitally, thinking someone else will do it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does understanding the bystander effect mean for emergency response and community behavior?

A

Knowing about the bystander effect can improve how we respond to emergencies. It encourages individuals to take action rather than assume others will. It also highlights the importance of community support and responsibility in crisis situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane (1960s)

A

Conducted experiments on bystander effect.
Staged emergencies with participants alone or in groups.
Found presence of bystanders reduces likelihood of help.
Highlighted social influence and diffusion of responsibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steps to Help in an Emergency

A

Notice the event happening.
Interpret it as an emergency.
Assume personal responsibility to act.
Know how to provide assistance.
Feel confident and comfortable to intervene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reasons for Bystander Effect

A

Diffusion of responsibility (thinking others will act).
Fear or stress in emergency situations.
Lack of time to assess and decide.
Fear of personal harm or legal consequences.
Unfamiliarity with how to respond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors Influencing Involvement

A

Size of aggressor affects likelihood of intervening.
Larger crowds reduce sense of personal responsibility.
Presence of friends increases likelihood of helping.
Initiative by someone else encourages others to act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bystander Effect in the Digital Age

A

Magnitude Amplification: Increased diffusion of responsibility online.
Anonymity and Deindividuation: Reduced personal accountability online.
Information Overload: Distraction from recognizing emergencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give examples of conformity.

A

Following fashion trends, adopting group opinions, adhering to workplace norms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do people obey authority?

A

Fear of punishment, desire for approval, societal norms emphasizing respect for authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is conformity?

A

Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in ways that align with the norms of a group or society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What influences whether someone will conform?

A

roup size, unanimity, group attractiveness, culture, and public vs. private response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of conformity?

A

Promotes social cohesion, but can lead to groupthink and conformity bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is obedience?

A

Obedience involves following direct orders or commands from an authority figure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Provide examples of obedience.

A

Soldiers following commands, students obeying teachers, employees complying with supervisors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does experimental psychology study?

A

conducts controlled experiments to investigate mental processes and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does clinical psychology focus on?

A

focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders through therapy and interventions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name major psychological perspectives briefly.

A

Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Biological, Cross-cultural, Evolutionary, Humanistic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Father of modern psychology, established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt influence psychology?

A

Pioneered the scientific study of consciousness and behavior, laying the foundation for empirical psychology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are current debates or issues in psychology?

A

Ethics in research, integrating neuroscience with psychology, addressing mental health disparities, and adapting to technological advancements in research methodologie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychodynamic: What does the psychodynamic perspective emphasize?

A

The role of unconscious drives and conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Behavioural: How does the behavioural perspective explain behaviour?

A

Behavior is learned through interactions with the environment and reinforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cognitive: What is the focus of the cognitive perspective?

A

Internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving influence behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Biological: How does the biological perspective approach behaviour?

A

Genetic factors, brain structure, and biochemical processes influence behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cross-cultural: What does the cross-cultural perspective study?

A

How cultural norms and values shape behaviour and mental processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Evolutionary: What does the evolutionary perspective propose?

A

Behavior and cognition are shaped by natural selection and adaptation over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Humanistic: What is the humanistic perspective’s view of human behavior?

A

Behavior is driven by the innate drive for personal growth, fulfillment of potential, and free will.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

It’s Sigmund Freud’s theory that human behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, childhood experiences, and internal conflicts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s the goal of psychoanalytic theory?

A

To uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts to achieve psychological healing and personal growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Freud emphasize about the unconscious?

A

He highlighted its role in shaping behavior, revealed through dreams, slips of the tongue (Freudian slips), and psychological symptoms.

29
Q

What is psychodynamic theory?

A

It’s a therapeutic approach focusing on resolving inner conflicts between conscious and unconscious desires.

30
Q

What does psychodynamic therapy aim to achieve?

A

Resolving conflicts rooted in early experiences to promote emotional and psychological well-being.

31
Q

How did Freud describe the structure of personality?

A

Like an iceberg: conscious mind (tip), preconscious (below surface, accessible memory), unconscious (deepest, hidden desires and fears).

32
Q

Why is the unconscious important in Freud’s theory?

A

It holds repressed urges, instincts, and unresolved conflicts that influence behavior without conscious awareness.

33
Q

What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?

A

Id (pleasure principle, unconscious), Ego (reality principle, conscious), Superego (morality principle, internalized societal rules).

34
Q

How does the ego operate in Freud’s theory?

A

It balances the conflicting demands of the id’s desires and the superego’s moral standards to navigate reality effectively.

35
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Psychological strategies used by the ego to protect against anxiety by distorting reality.

36
Q

Name common defense mechanisms.

A

Repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial, sublimation, intellectualization, suppression.

37
Q

Why do people use defense mechanisms?

A

To cope with unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories that threaten to surface into consciousness.

38
Q
A
39
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development

40
Q

Reaction formation

A

The ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites

41
Q

Rationalization

A

Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

42
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s own unacceptable threatening impulses to others

43
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

44
Q

Denial

A

arguing against anxiety-provoking stimuli by stating it doesn’t exist

45
Q

Sublimation

A

Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way

46
Q

Intellectualization

A

Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects

47
Q

Suppression

A

Pushing into the unconscious

47
Q

What is personality?

A

Personality is the pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.

48
Q

How does personality develop?

A

It’s influenced by both genetics (nature) and life experiences (nurture)

49
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development.

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital—each stage involves a focus on different erogenous zones and challenges.

50
Q

What did Erikson contribute to personality theory?

A

Erikson’s psychosocial theory extends Freud’s stages, emphasizing social and cultural influences across the lifespan.

50
Q

How does birth order influence personality?

A

Alfred Adler proposed that birth order affects personality development through unique family dynamics

51
Q

Name Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair.

51
Q

What did Carl Jung propose about personality?

A

Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious and archetypes, influencing psychometric testing.

52
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

It’s the field that uses tests and questionnaires to measure personality traits, abilities, and knowledge.

52
Q

How does psychometrics help understand personality?

A

It provides insights into individual preferences, behaviors, and relationships.

53
Q

Why study twins to understand personality?

A

Twin studies compare identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins to explore genetic and environmental influences.

53
Q

What have twin studies revealed about personality?

A

They show that genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) both contribute to personality traits and behaviors.

54
Q

What were Maslow’s assumptions about human nature?

A

Human nature is inherently good, and normal development involves actualizing this goodness.

54
Q

What did Maslow study?

A

Maslow studied well people and their peak experiences to understand self-actualization.

55
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Biological and physiological needs (air, food, shelter)
  2. Safety needs (protection, security)
  3. Belongingness and love needs (relationships, family)
  4. Esteem needs (achievement, status)
  5. Self-actualization (personal growth, fulfillment)
56
Q

How did Frankl’s approach differ from Maslow’s?

A

Frankl focused on finding meaning in life, especially through suffering, as seen in his experiences in Auschwitz.

57
Q

What therapy did Carl Rogers develop?

A

Client-centered therapy, emphasizing self-awareness and self-fulfillment.

58
Q

What is congruence in Rogers’ theory?

A

Congruence is the agreement between the real self and the ideal self.

59
Q

What did Jhon B Watson believe about human behavior?

A

Behavior is shaped by the environment, and humans are born as blank slates (tabula rasa).

60
Q

What is the “Little Albert” experiment?

A

Watson conditioned a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.

61
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

62
Q

What was Pavlov’s experiment?

A

conditioning dogs to drool at the sound of a bell by associating it with food.

63
Q

Classical Conditioning Terms

A

-Unconditioned Stimulus: Causes a natural response (e.g., food).
-Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not cause a response (e.g., bell).
-Conditioned Stimulus: Previously neutral, now causes response (e.g., bell after conditioning).
-Unconditioned Response: Natural reaction (e.g., drooling to food).
-Conditioned Response: Learned reaction (e.g., drooling to bell).

64
Q

Discrimination-Recognizing different stimuli produce different responses

A

Example: Dog only drools to specific bell sound.

65
Q

Generalization: Similar stimuli produce the same response.

A

Example: Dog drools to any bell sound.

66
Q

Increase likelihood of behavior

A

Positive Reinforcement: Giving something desirable.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing something undesirable.

67
Q

Definition: What is operant conditioning?

A

Shaping behavior using reinforcers and punishments.

68
Q

Punishments: Decrease likelihood of behavior.

A

Positive Punishment: Giving something undesirable.
Negative Punishment: Removing something desirable.

69
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by observing others who act as models.

70
Q

obo Doll Experiment: What did it demonstrate?

A

Children imitated aggressive behavior observed in adults.

71
Q

Application: How are behavioral theories used?

A

To unlearn maladaptive behaviors and learn more adaptive ones, applied to various disorders and problems.

SAP (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions