psychology Flashcards
Name 4 behavioural change models
Information-motivation-behavioural skills model
Theory of planned behaviour
Transtheoretical/stages of change model
COMB-B model
Outline the Information-motivation-behavioural skills model
Information
- individuals needs to be aware of why they need to make a behaviour change.
- what are the risk associated with their current behaviour
- what are the benefits associated with making a change
- what resources are available to them to facilitate the change.
- what preventative measures are there to facilitate the change.
- information is the foundation the change, if the individual is unaware of the need to change, then they won’t engage.
Motivation
- Must have motivation in order to successfully change their behaviour.
-Very important because if they lack motivation then they won’t change, even if they have the necessary information/resources to do so.
- takes into account factors such as: perceived social norms, self-efficacy (ones capability to change in the first place), personal attitudes, attitude of their family and friends, support network, beliefs and values.
Behavioural skills
- ability to resist social pressures, coping strategies, resilience, receptiveness to change, problem-solving abilities.
outline the theory of planned behaviour model
Attitudes
-This refers to the individuals perception of a certain behaviour.
-is it harmful, beneficial, favourable?
-Individuals are more likely to engage in behaviours that are perceived as being beneficial/ favourable to them.
-However this can be quite subjective and may be strongly linked to their values, priorities at a given point in their lives.
- someone may be aware that smoking is harmful, however if they use smoking as an escape mechanism from something else, they they may be less likely to give up smoking as they perceive it to be beneficial overall.
Subjective Norms
-individuals are more likely to engage in behaviours that are normalised in society as a whole, or amongst their friends, families, collegues.
Perceived behavioural control
- much the same as IMBS model, this refers to their perceived capability of carrying out a change i.e. their self-efficacy.
-Also includes facilitators and barriers such as finances, resources, time, support.
Transtheoretical/stages of change model
Precontemplation
-have not yet recognised the need for change.
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
COM-B Model
Capability
- Includes physical and psychological capacity to engage in a behaviour.
-Example: if someone wanted to adopt healthier eating habits, they need to be physically able to prepare healthier foods but also need the knowledge/capacity to understand what ingredients are healthy.
Opportunity
-Refers to more external factors that can facilitate or hinder carrying out of a certain behaviour.
-Healthy eating example: someone’s work place may only offer unhealthier food options, thereby hindering ability to engage in healthy eating habits, compared to someone working somewhere where canteen offers a wider choice of healthier options, thereby better facilitating healthier eating habits.
Motivation
-takes into account conscious and unconscious processes that influence behaviour.
What does APEASE interventions mean
Affordability
Practicability
Effectiveness
Acceptability
Side effects/safety
Equity
5 psychological concerns affecting diabetic patients (BADS-B)
Body image
Anxiety
Depression
Self esteem
Burnout
Why is acceptance and adherence so important in diabetes
-Acceptance and adherence largely influence ability to effectively self-manage blood sugars.
-Lack of acceptance has been associated with higher risk of major complications such as amputation/blindness.
Acceptance is largely determined by patient’s perception of the disease and how they view it in others/ how society perceives it.
-Considering the early age of diagnosis of T1D in a lot of cases, it is important to have positive role models to encourage acceptance of diagnosis.
Adherence
-largely determined by acceptance in itself.
- Depression + Anxiety are common in patient’s especially following initial diagnosis.
-Depression + Anxiety can affect decision making + problem solving capabilities.
- This can negatively impact on self-efficacy which can have downstream negative effects of adherence to treatment/ safe + properly timed insulin injections.
What do NICE guidelines recommend in terms of diabetic care?
- Family + spousal support should be encouraged and included in diabetic care where possible.
- At time of diagnosis and on a regular basis thereafter, patient needs to be referred to/made aware of structured education programs pertaining to diabetic care: DESMOND, DAFNE, X-PERT
- Psychosocial care should be implemented into MDT approach.
Name 3 self management courses for diabetes
Desmond
Dafne
X-pert
Outline the DESMOND programme
-Free 2 day course for those with T2D
-Allows those with diabetes to meet each other and to share their own experience with the disease -> could be very beneficial in terms of acceptance -> hearing positive stories
-Identification of personal health risks
-Set goals in terms of health behaviour change
-Learning about physical activity
-Blood glucose monitoring
-Reading food labels
-Food choices
-Complications of diabetes and preventative measures
-your own thoughts + feelings about diagnosis
Includes Diabetic nurse, dietician and other health care professionals.
Outline DAFNE
DAFNE programme aims to improve glycaemic control through teaching self-management strategies
-estimation of carb intake
-adjustment of insulin dosage based on meal size/ ingredients.
Outline X-PERT
Free 15 hour self management course
Pre-diabetics or T1/2
-group learning
-coping strategies
-meal prep
-goals setting
-psychological support
outline the 6 stereotypes of Ageism
- To be old is to be sick
- Suggests that as you age there is an inevitable health decline.
-Will be unable to carry out basic activities of daily living or live independently. - The horse is out of the barn
-This suggests that elderly people are unable to adopt new, healthier behaviours.
-The benefits of adopting a new health behaviour are negligible now that they are old.
-May result in doctor being disinclined to engage in conversations around healthier habits, such as smoking cessation, physical exercise etc. - You can’t teach old dog new tricks
-Suggests that elderly are incapable of learning / processing or understanding new information or concepts.
-May result in a doctor withholding information because patient won’t understand the info. - The secret the successful ageing is to choose your parents wisely.
-Suggests that longevity of life, health complications etc are solely based on genetic + biology
-not true; socioeconomic/demographic status plays major role - Light may be on but voltage is low
-Elderly are unable to/do not wish to engage in sexual activity.
- doctor may not consider/wish to discuss matters pertaining to sexual health/function with patient due to their age. - Elderly don’t pull their weight
-Not true; those who do not work for pay are involved heavily in families + communities.
causes of ageism (3) plus the 2 correlations
- personal fears and anxieties related to ageism
-could be closely linked to misconceptions around the ageing process.
-negative connotations that society has imposed on ageing. - Negative attitudes towards the elderly population
- Consider the 6 stereotypes. - Lack of education around the capabilities of the elderly, the stages of the ageing process and what it actually means to be “old”.
- Anxiety about ageing is negatively correlated with age.
- Anxiety about ageing is positively correlated with negative stereotyping of elderly population.
