Psychology Flashcards
psychology comes from the ancient Greek word __ which means “mind”, and ___ , meaning “knowledge or study.”
psyche
logos
is the scientific study of human behavior.
Psychology
goals of psychology
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control/improve
using _______ make the study about the way people think, feet, and behave in a scientific way
research methods
psychologists investigate the connection between two or more variables to determine whether they are correlated with each other or not
Correlational Research
a research technique where you observe participants and phenomena in their most natural settings
Observation Method
two types of observation method
Natural Observation - psychologist observe human behavior without intervention or manipulation
2) Participant Observation - psychologists joins in and becomes part of the group they are studying to get a deeper insight into their lives.
a ___ gathers data by acking a group of people their thoughts, reactions or opinions to fixed questions. this data is then collected and analysed to provide insight on human behavior.
Survey
psychologists gather data through intensive in-depth scrutiny of a single individual or a small group on rare or unusual cases
Case study
Late 19th Century:
Behaviors under study is ____
Consciousness
Experimental laboratory in psychology was established in ____
Germany (Wilhelm Wundt)
Movements of psychology in late 19th Century
Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Structuralism
- studied functions of the mind rather than its internal contents (what is the conciousness for?)
Functionalism (William James)
- studied unconscious drives and conflicts
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
- studied contents of the mind (what is consciousness?)
Structuralism (Edward B. Titchener)
20th Century
Behaviors under study:
Intelligence, Cognitive development, Mental disorders, Social behaviors
IQ tests developed
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Calling for more humane treatment of patients and better education about mental illness for the general population
Clifford Beers
Calling for more humane treatment of patients and better education about mental illness for the general population
(Clifford Beers)
Study of cognition in the developing child
Jean Piaget
Compassionate approach to the treatment of mental illness (use of psychological and psychiatric disciplines by ___)
Menninger Clinic
Movements of Psychology in 20th Century
Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Operant Conditioning, Biopsychology, Psychopharmacology, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive psychology, Evolutionary psychology, and Cultural psychology
- an approach drawing on philosophy linguistics, and anthropology in explaining the influences and nelationship among mind, cultural community and behavior
Cultural psychology (Jerome Bruner)
- how cognitive processes influence behavior
Cognitive psychology
- applies principles from evolutionary biology to the structure and function of the human brain to explain social phenomena such as aggression and sexual behavior
Evolutionary psychology (Richard Dawkins)
- development of mychoactive drugs as a new form of treatment far mental illness.
Psychopharmacology
- behavior is a pruduct of the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-actualization
Humanistic Psychology (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)
- focused on how behwior shaped and modified by its consequences.
Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner)
- uncover the relationship between chemical activity in the brain and psychological phenomena.
Biopsychology (Wider G. Penfield)
- focused on observable and measurable behavior.
Behaviorism (John H. Watson)
- focused on observable and measurable behavior.
Behaviorism (John H. Watson)
21st Century
Behaviors under study:
Well-being
SPECIALIZATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Cognitive psychology, Cinical psychology, Addiction psychology, Forensic psychology, Developmental psychology, Counseling psychology, Social psychology, School psychology, Organizational psychology, Health psychology and Sports psychology
- studies athletics and its mental effects
Sports psychology
- studies environments, educators and educational practices that can enrich a child’s learning experience
School psychology
- studies the relationship between employees and their work environment.
Organizational psychology
- studies behavior and how it affects health
- psychologists provide prevention education so that people can manage their health and create programs to promote healthy habits
Health psychology
- combines the studies of criminology and psychology investigate crimes, advocate for victims, serve as court experts, assess suspects and witnesses, help examine the evidences, profing criminals, or work in the prison system to aid in developing rehabilitation programs
Forensic psychology
- studies human functions and the ability to adapt to new situations Counselors may help with stress management, grief and coping
- they may work in hospitals, school, clinics and private practices.
Counseling psychology
- studies how humans develop
- psychologists usually workin research or academic settings, and their research helps with parenting and allows pediatrics to understand children at young ages
Developmental psychology
- treatment of people with various psychological issues (depression, anxiety, etc).
Clinical psychology
- studies human mental processes such as memory, motor function, perception and language.
Cognitive psychology
- treatment individual with addictions.
- they may work in rehab centers or hospitals to provide counsel and cognitive-behavioral therapy to patients with
addictions
Addiction psychology
- socialization adaptation (acquired traits)
environment
- passed genes to us (inherited traits)
genetics
- estimated egg cells of female
1 million at birth (decrease)
- estimated sperm cells of male
1 billion per month (increase)
- a fertilized cell
zygote
- different face, gender etc
fraternal twins
- same face, gender etc
identical twins
nature(genes)
vs
nurture(environment)
IQ test are developed in what century
20th century
- expanded child psychology field, developed the concept of defense mechanisms
Anna Freud
- first female president of the American Psychological Association; best known for her work in the areas of memory and association (example: paired association technique)
Mary Calkins
- discovered that children communicate through play, made major contributions to the field of play therapy.
Melanie Klein
- contributed to the understanding of attachment styles of children: (a) confident and secure in their relationship, (b) seem indifferent to the presence or absence, (c) anxious and preoccupied with their caregiver’s availability
Mary Ainsworth
there are traits and characteristics that we have inherited from our parents and ancestors. These inherited traits can include physical attributes, personality traits, and even health conditions.
HEREDITED TRAITS (NATURE or Genetics)
- the hereditary units that we receive from our parents and transmit to our offspring.
Chromosomes
The human cell contains ____’, At conception, the human being receives 23 chromosomes from the father’s sperm and 23 chromosomes from the mother’s ovum.
46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
These 46 chromosomes that form 23 pairs are duplicated as the cells divide ____
Mitosis
- contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- the individual hereditary units found in each chromosome. They occur in pairs-one gene in each pair comes from the sperm chromosomes and one gene from the egg chromosomes. Thus, a child receives only half of each parent’s total genes
Genes
- sperm and egg cells divide and create new sex cells with half the number of chromosomes. Meiosis results in cells that are not identical and have unique combinations of genetic traits, contributing to genetic diversity in offspring.
Meiosis
- the process by which a single cell divides into two identical cells. It’s like a cell making a copy of itself. This type of cell division is responsible for growth, tissue repair, and maintaining the number of cells in our body.
Mitosis
- when a chromosome is abnormal, it can cause health problems in the body.
Chromosomal Aberration
Abnormal chromosomes most often happen as a result of an error during cell division:
• errors during dividing of sex cells (meiosis)
• errors during dividing of other cells (mitosis)
• substances that cause birth defects (teratogens)
- a baby may have an extra chromosome or have a missing chromosome
- these problems can cause pregnancy loss. can cause a child with health problems.
Errors during dividing of sex cells (meiosis)
the chromosomes don’t split into equal halves, the new cells can have an extra chromosomes (47) or have missing chromosomes (45)
EXAMPLE: Down Syndrome
Errors during dividing of other cells (mitosis)
some medicines, drugs. alcohol, tobacco, etc.
Substances that cause birth defects (teratogens)
- certain characteristics carried only by a recessive X chromosome are said to be sex linked. the males manifest this abnormality but the females merely transmit the abnormality.
EXAMPLE: hemophilia, color blindness, etc.
Sex Linked-Characteristics
- environmental factors encompass the influence of an individual’s surroundings, upbringing, and experiences.
ACQUIRED TRAITS (product of NURTURE or result of Environmental influences)
psychology recognizes that Nature and Nurture are two elements that influence human development, and behavior.
EXAMPLES: intelligence, personality, physical fitness, mental health, etc.
NATURE AND NURTURE
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Prenatal Stage (Conception-birth)
• Infancy Stage (birth-2yo)
• Early Childhood Stage (2-6yo)
• Late Childhood Stage (6-12yo)
• Adolescence (12-18yo)
• Early Adulthood Stage (18-40yo)
• Middle Adulthood Stage (40-60yo)
• Late Adulthood Stage (60yo-death)
• Characteristics conception (fertilization), Embryo to Fetus
Development of major organs
ISSUES: The mother’s health and prenatal care can affect the baby’s development.
Prenatal Stage (Conception-birth)
Characteristics: Rapid growth in height, weight, and motor skills
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS:
Develop basic motor skills (crawling, walking, and grasping objects): forming early sensory and perceptual skills, and developing language skills
ISSUES: Issues related to breastfeeding, formula feeding, and sleep patterns can affect physical and emotional well-being
Infancy Stage (birth-2yo)
Characteristics: Increasing physical coordination, expanding language skills
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: toilet training, develop basic problem-solving
ISSUES: Poor socialization skills
CHILDHOOD STAGE (2-6yo)
Characteristics: Steady growth and maturation of the body,developing cognitive abilities and social skills
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Develop logical thinking, problem solving skills, and increased understanding of abstract concepts; build relationships beyond the family, developing a sense of competence and self-worth, and beginning to establish a moral code.
ISSUES: feelings of inadequacy and inferiority for lack of competence in mastering developmental tasks; difficulties in peer relationships and socialization can lead to isolation and loneliness.
LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE (6-12yo)
Characteristics: Puberty and rapid physical growth, as well as sexual maturation
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Develop critical thinking skills, exploring identity, and planning for the future; independence from parents, forming deeper peer relationships, and exploring romantic relationships.
ISSUES: Identity crisis; engaging in risky behaviors
ADOLESCENCE (12-18yo)
CHARACTERISTICS: Achieving physical peak, maintaining health
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Pursue college education and career goals, make long-term decisions, and expand problem-solving abilities; form intimate relationships, start a family, and develop a sense of autonomy and purpose
ISSUES: difficulty in relationships may result in loneliness and a lack of emotional support; a lack of direction to career can lead to job dissatisfaction and financial instability
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE (18-40yo)
CHARACTERISTICS: Experiencing physical changes associated with aging, maintaining health, and adjusting to menopause or andropause
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Maintain health, adapt to career changes, and potentially take care for aging parents; Reevaluate life goals, and adjust to life as children leave home
ISSUES: Midlife crisis
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE (40-60yo)
CHARACTERISTICS: Physical decline and potential health
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Cope with the challenges of physical aging, maintain mental sharpness; reflect on life, face issues related to retirement, loss of loved ones
ISSUES: Despair and regrets; loneliness and isolation
There will be issues associated with failing to meet developmental tasks but early intervention and support can help address these challenges.
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE (60yo-death)
