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PSYCHOLOGY 100 Flashcards

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1
Q

PSYCHE

A

soul, life, breath. now simply connotes to “mind”

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2
Q

LOGOS

A

“reasoned discourse”, “principle or order and knowledge”

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3
Q

RATIONALISM

A

nativist view that knowledge is inborn ; world understood independent of the senses via intuition.

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4
Q

EMPIRICISM

A

John Locke’s TABULA RASA (blank slate) ; world is understood as being constructed from the senses.

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5
Q

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS

A

focused on bodily processes and began the study of psychophysics.

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6
Q

WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920)

A

established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879. Founder of modern psychology.

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7
Q

IDEALISM

A

reality is fundamentally a construction of the mind.

mind is primary, matter is secondary

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8
Q

MATERIALISM

A

reality is fundamentally a construction of matter.

matter is primary, mind is secondary

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9
Q

Who is most closely associated with the notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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10
Q

STRUCTURALISM

A

the study of psychology was the study of the elements of consciousness

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11
Q

INTROSPECTION

A

primary method for the study of consciousness for structuralists.

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12
Q

FUNCTIONALISM

A

psychology should be the study of the purpose of consciousness , rather than the contents or structure.
it was more Darwinian in its approach

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13
Q

WILLIAM JAMES

A

promoted Functionalism

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14
Q

Which school of psychology suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed?

A

Behaviourism

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15
Q

BEHAVIOURISM

A

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour.

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16
Q

WHO WAS BEHIND BEHAVIOURISM?

A

John Watson

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17
Q

STIMULUS-RESPONSE COUPLINGS

(S-O-R)

A

organisms repeat behaviours that lead to positive outcomes and avoid repeating those that lead to negative outcomes.

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18
Q

Who is most closely associated with the concept that unconscious motivations influence our overt behaviour?

A

Sigmund Freud

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19
Q

Skinner believed that…

A

any behaviour was ultimately trained by rules of reinforcement that could be manipulated.

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20
Q

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

A

study of mental systems or mental structures

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21
Q

Noam Chomsky argued that…

A

language cannot be a result of S-O-R, and that humans posses and deep, generative, universal grammar that defines rules for building rules of language.

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22
Q

Who stated that people do not have free will, because behaviour is fully controlled by external stimuli?

A

B.F Skinner

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23
Q

BIOPSYCHOLOGY

A

emphasizes the genetic, hormonal and neural psychological processes.

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24
Q

SIGMUND FREUD

A

popularized the concept of the unconscious mind.

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25
Q

PSYCHOANALYSIS

A

a therapeutic technique for finding and resolving through dialog with patients.

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26
Q

LAYERS OF THE MIND:

A

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

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27
Q

ID

A

impulsive, instinctual desires and drives

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28
Q

EGO

A

“realistic” balancer of id and superego

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29
Q

SUPEREGO

A

culturally-internalized moralizer

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30
Q

Introduced INTROVERSION AND EXTROVERSION

A

Carl Jung

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31
Q

HUMANISM

A

emerged as a branch of psychology with an optimistic growth perspective focused on the unique quality of humans.

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32
Q

Humanistic Psychology was introduced by…

A

Carl Rogers

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33
Q

“Self-Concept” today called..

A

“Self-Concept” today called..

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34
Q

Abraham Maslow deveopled…

A

Hierarchy of needs

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35
Q

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

A

desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be

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36
Q

MASLOW’S 5 HIERARCHY OF NEEDS:

A
  1. Self-actualization
  2. Esteem needs
  3. Love and belongingess
  4. Safety & Security needs
  5. Physiological needs
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37
Q

Which school of psychology emphasizes the unique qualities of individual people, and suggests that humans experience freedom and have a propensity towards personal growth?

A

Humanism

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38
Q

Most psychological research were conducted on…

A

WEIRD people (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic)

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39
Q

One of the most recent branches of psychology that takes a Darwinian approach?

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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40
Q

During World War II, many academic psychologists were needed to serve other roles. Which of the following roles was most likely for a psychologist at that time?

A

clinician

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41
Q

Evolutionary Psychology emphasizes the ecological adaptability of psychological traits through…

A

Natural selection and Sexual selection

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42
Q

Which of the following would least likely be studied by a cognitive psychologist?

a. ) how we remember things
b. )how children develop language
c. )how we perceive colour
d. )how people reason to solve problems

A

C. ) how we perceive colour

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43
Q

Which group has traditionally been overrepresented in psychological research?

A

WIERD people, White males

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44
Q

Which “newer” area of psychology is most similar to the “older” school of thought known as functionalism?

A

Evolutionary Psychology; similar Darwinian approach

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45
Q

The most modernized branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?

A

Clinical Psychology

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46
Q

Before is changed focus after WWII veterans suffered from PTSD, what was Clinical Psych. originally applied towards?

A

school children’s behaviour deviance

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47
Q

This is the primary tool used by clinicians

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)

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48
Q

Which career setting is most common for a psychologist?

a. )elementary schools
b. )military
c. )hospitals or clinics
d. )independent private practice

A

D.) independent private practice

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49
Q

Branch of psychology that emphasizes the characteristics, traits and conditions necessary for achieving a fulfilling human existence?

A

Positive Psychology

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50
Q

Positive Psychology was started by?

A

Martin Seligman

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51
Q

Positive Psychology’s goal is an attempt to …

A

promote desirable psychological experiences and traits rather than focusing on the scientific description of the mind.

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52
Q

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

A

introduced the concept of FLOW

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53
Q

Christopher Peterson

A

emphasized VIRTUES AND OPTIMISM

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54
Q

Barbara Fredrickson

A

promotes the practice of LOVING-KINDNESS MEDITATION (METTA)

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55
Q

Which approach do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective?

A

They consistently apply the scientific method

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56
Q

Transpersonal Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that focuses on mystical, religious and altered states of consciousness

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57
Q

Transpersonal Psychology is based on the primise that…

A

individuals can have transcendent peak experiences.

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58
Q

Integral Psychology

A

developed by Ken Wilber as an attempt at a kind of psychological “theory of everything”

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59
Q

Proposed by Wilber as basic conceptual building blocks connoting that something is both whole and part of a greater whole

A

Holons

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60
Q

Theory that biologically expresses Holons…

A

Multilevel Selection Theory

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61
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Tracks the minds of children through to adolescence and adulthood, emphasizing stages and progression

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62
Q

One of the founders of Developmental Psychology

A

Jean Piaget

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63
Q

What are the Piaget stages?

A

Stage 1 – Sensorimotor stage (birth until “language acquisition”)
Stage 2 – Pre-operational stage (~2-7 years of age) Stage 3 – Concrete operational stage (~7 years until adolescence)
Stage 4 – Formal operational stage (adolescence until adulthood)

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64
Q

Social Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that focuses on relationships

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65
Q

If you reward yourself for achieving study goals, which concept are you applying?

A

Behaviour Modification

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66
Q

Intrapersonal

A

social attitudes and self-concept

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67
Q

Interpersonal

A

conformity and attraction

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68
Q

According to research, what proportion of crucial ideas from a lecture are found in the average student’s notes?

A

less than 40%

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69
Q

Idea that people socially are embedded in small world networks

A

Six Degrees of Separation

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70
Q

The number of people you are on personal terms with at any given time

A

Dunbar Number

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71
Q

Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, what would you predict a woman will be able to do better than most men?

a. ) mentally rotate visual images
b. )remember locations
c. ) read a map
d. ) learn a maze

A

B.) Remember locations

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72
Q

Scientific Experiment

A

Is the most powerful tool that exists for understanding objective phenomena

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73
Q

An empirical claim must in principle be subjected to a test that could falsify it.

A

Falsification

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74
Q

Who developed falsification?

A

Karl Popper

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75
Q

The accumulation of empirical anomalies in theories

A

Paradigm Shifts

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76
Q

Which of the following includes IQ score, age, weight, grade point average, and income?

constants
variables
correlations
statistics

A

Variables

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77
Q

Goals of the Scientific Enterprise: (3)

A
  1. Measurement and Description
  2. Understanding and Prediction
  3. Application and Control
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78
Q

Finding coherent narratives for the objects of disciplines

A

Understanding and Prediction

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79
Q

Quantification, attempt to find the most useful conceptual dimensions and how to measure them

A

Measurement and Description

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80
Q

Application of knowledge for some sociopolitical goal

A

Application and Control

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81
Q

Helps successfully refine both Understanding and Measurement

A

Testable hypotheses

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82
Q

Theory

A

describes conceptual frameworks for understanding

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83
Q

Steps in a Scientific Investigation: (5)

A
  1. Formulate testable hypothesis
  2. Select research method and study design
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze the data and make inferences
  5. Report findings
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84
Q

2 Advantages of the Scientific Approach:

A
  1. Clarity and Precision

2. Relative Intolerance of Error

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85
Q

Scientist define measurable concepts and their proposed relationships exactly

A

Clarity and Precision

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86
Q

Appreciate human biases in reasoning and attempt to compensate for them

A

Relative Intolerance of Error

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87
Q

If you believe that increasing levels of anxiety are associated with drug abuse, what have you just formulated?

A

a hypothesis

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88
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable manipulated by experimenters

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89
Q

Variable affected by manipulation

A

Dependent Variable

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90
Q

A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed a high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat food. In this experiment, what term describes the rats’ maze-running performance?

A

Dependent variables

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91
Q

Control Group

A

Does not receive the primary experimental

treatment or manipulation of the independent variable

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92
Q

Receives some kind of treatment or

manipulation of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

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93
Q

What is one disadvantage of the experimental method?

A

the artificial situations in which experiments are often conducted

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94
Q

Which research method are you using if you interview a person in-depth and over a period of time so that you can understand that person to the greatest possible degree?

A

case study

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95
Q

Extraneous variables

A

are any variable besides the independent variable(s) that

have an influence on values of dependent variable(s)

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96
Q

Are extraneous variables that are difficult or impossible to control for

A

Confounding variables

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97
Q

Random assignment

A

is an attempt to control for confounding
variables, giving each participant an equal likelihood of being in the control or
experimental group

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98
Q

2 Experiment Designs:

A
  1. Between-subjects design

2. Within-subjects Design

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99
Q

participants are given different treatments simultaneously

A

Between-subjects designs

100
Q

Within-subjects Design

A

Participants serve
as their own controls, by receiving all levels of the independent variable
manipulation

101
Q

Primary advantage of experimental research?

A

it is able to
infer causal relationships between variables through the comparison
of control groups and experimental manipulations

102
Q

Limitations of experimental research

A
  1. Ecological validity and generalizability

2. ethical considerations prevent exploration of some important research avenues

103
Q

Research Techniques/Methods:

A
  1. Naturalistic Observation
  2. Case Studies
  3. Surveys
104
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Involves the careful observation
of behaviour without intervening
in the behaviour directly

105
Q

Is a champion of
naturalistic observation of
chimpanzees in the Gombe
Stream National Park in Tanzania

A

Jane Goodall

106
Q

are in-depth investigations of an individual or group of

participants - often individuals who are exceptional in some way

A

Case studies

107
Q

Surveys

A

Are questionnaires or interviews that help researchers

gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour

108
Q

Are used to summarize and generalize data - these

functions are separated into two types

A

Statistics

109
Q

Used to organize and summarize data

A

Descriptive statistics

110
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions

111
Q

The two major branches of statistics

A

Frequentist and Bayesian

112
Q

Is a summary of the

“centre” of a collection of data points

A

Central tendency

113
Q

Mean

A

the arithmetic average

114
Q

The most frequent data point(s) in

the distribution

A

Mode

115
Q

Median

A

the data point that falls exactly
halfway between the lowest and highest
data points collected

116
Q

Refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean

A

Variability

117
Q

Standard deviation

A

is an index of the amount of variability in the

data set - it is the average distance of a data point from the mean

118
Q

is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that
represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed
in the population

A

Normal distribution

119
Q

Percentile scores

A

indicate the percentage of people who score at

or below a particular score

120
Q

Correlation

A

exists when two variables are related to each other

121
Q

Is a numerical index of the degree of

relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1

A

correlation coefficient

122
Q

Correlation and prediction:

A

The strength of a correlation allows a researcher to predict the relative scores of one variable from known
scores of another

123
Q

Correlation and causation

A

CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION

124
Q

What does the standard deviation measure?

A

amount of variability in a data set

125
Q

Are techniques used to interpret data and

draw conclusions

A

Inferential statistics

126
Q

Statistical significance

A 
Is a (frequentist) claim about how likely it is
that the collected data was drawn by chance alone
127
Q

Replication

A

is the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results
are duplicated

128
Q

Is a fundamental component of the scientific method,
which (ideally) includes active attempts to critique and improve research
methodology and falsify previous results

A

Critical thinking

129
Q

Cognitive biases

A

fundamental attribution error, confirmation bias,

hindsight bias

130
Q

Samples

A

are a finite collection of the actual participants selected for
observation in an empirical study - a subset of the “population”

131
Q

Are the much larger collection of individuals that researcher
want to generalize about - can be theoretically infinite

A

Populations

132
Q

Sampling bias

A

Occurs when a sample is not randomly drawn from the

population of interest

133
Q

As interest rates increase, house sales decline. Which term best describes this pattern?

A

a negative correlation

134
Q

Dr. Redding has found a correlation of +0.65 between snoring and weight. Which of the statement best reflects this statistical relationship?

a. )Overweight individuals tend to snore less than underweight individuals.
b. )There is no relationship between weight and snoring.
c. )Overweight individuals tend to snore more than underweight individuals.
d. )Individuals who go on a diet will most likely begin to snore.

A

C.) Overweight individuals tend to snore more than underweight individuals.

135
Q

Placebo effects

A

occur when participants’ expectations lead them to
experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or
ineffectual treatment

136
Q

Is said to occur when the “illusory”

perception and/or response is negative

A

Nocebo effect

137
Q

Is any form of data such as interviews, questionnaires, or verbal
reports are given

A

Self-report data

138
Q

The problem with these forms of data is that they rely on two dubious assumptions:

A
  1. That participants will be honest with themselves and researchers
  2. That participants have accurate insight into their own minds
139
Q

the tendency to give socially approved answers to

questions about oneself

A

Social desirability bias -

140
Q

Occurs when a researcher’s expectations or

preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results

A

Experimenter bias

141
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

is a research strategy in which neither
participants not experimenters know which participants are in the
experimental or control groups

142
Q

When is a sample considered to be “representative”?

A

when the sample is composed to reflect the population

143
Q

In research, what does a placebo control for?

A

subjects’ expectations about treatment

144
Q

Which term is defined as the tendency for survey subjects to provide answers that make them look good to others?

A

social desirability bias

145
Q

Which term refers to the situation when researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies?

A

experimenter bias

146
Q

What is NOT a key issue pertaining to ethical dilemmas in psychological research?

a. )the use of deception
b. )the use of animals
c. )the use of psychoactive drugs
d. )causing harm to participants

A

c.)the use of psychoactive drugs

147
Q

Ethical Considerations:

A
  1. Distress (physical and psychological)
  2. Informed consent
  3. Truth and transparency
148
Q

Three criteria have been suggested for consideration by Bateson (2011):

A
  1. The extent of animal suffering
  2. The importance of the research problem addressed
  3. The likelihood of beneficial discoveries
149
Q

cells are approximately

A

20μm in diameter

150
Q

Two primary cell types:

A

Glial cells

Neurons

151
Q

The “support” cells

A

Glial cells

152
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to buffer the brain

153
Q

Provide the basis for the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), a major

chemical filter for the brain

A

Astroglia

154
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

provide myelin for neuronal insulation

155
Q

Are the immune cells of the brain, or “clean-up crew”

A

Microglia

156
Q

Neurons

A

Primary computational substrate of the brain

157
Q

Parts of the neuron:

3

A

Dendrites (input)
• Somata (integration)
• Axons (output)

158
Q

2 ways neurons communicate:

A

electrically via graded and action potentials,

and chemically via synaptic transmission

159
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

basis for all cellular life on
Earth is the compartmentalization of
processes, mediated by lipid
cellular membrane bilayers

160
Q

Membranes are semi-permeable to

A

Water

161
Q

The difference in ion concentration
and electrostatic charge across
membranes results in a

A

resting membrane

potential of approximately -70mV

162
Q

Ion channels are opened or closed to change the membrane potential either…

A 
Decreasing it (HYPERPOLARIZE)
Increasing it (DEPOLARIZE)
163
Q

Neurons communicate with other
neurons through chemical
messengers

A

neurotransmitters

164
Q

Neurotransmitters are released at ____ by ____

A

axon terminals ; action potentials

165
Q

Synaptic communication:

A
  1. Synthesis of neurotransmitters
  2. Storage and transportation
  3. Neurotransmitter release
  4. Binding to (auto)receptors
  5. Reuptake
  6. Deactivation & degradation
166
Q

neurotransmitters that have the effect of stimulating or

inhibiting the post-synaptic neuron

A

Agonists

167
Q

Antagonists

A

neurotransmitters that have the effect of blocking the

stimulation or inhibition of the post-synaptic neuron

168
Q

Neurotransmitters that have the effect of reversing

the normal agonist function on post-synaptic receptors

A

Inverse-agonists

169
Q

Has a wide variety of functions in the nervous
system, including direct muscle control, arousal and memory.
Can be thought of as sharpening the cortical signal:noise ratio

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

170
Q

Dopamine

A

primary sources in the midbrain
• functions: reward (prediction-error), movement,
learning, attention

171
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Primary sources in the brainstem
• functions: autonomic & central arousal, attention,
memory

172
Q

primary sources in the brainstem
• functions: mood, homeostasis, arousal, sleep,
aggression

A

Serotonin

173
Q

Glutamate

A

an amino acid and the primary
excitatory neurotransmitter in the central
nervous system

174
Q

is an amino acid, synthesized from
glutamate, and acts as the primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter of the central nervous system

A

GABA

175
Q 
Are a class of peptides that bind to receptors in
neurons that are part of the circuitry for pain modulation
A

Endorphins

176
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

are lipid signalling molecules that act as
retrograde neurotransmitters throughout the brain
functions: memory, homeostasis, hunger, general cognition

177
Q

Nervous System is divided into :

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral Nervous system

178
Q

Central nervous system divided into:

A

Brain and Spinal cord

179
Q

Peripheral nervous system divided into:

A

Somatic and Autonomic nervous system

180
Q

Somatic Nervous System divided into:

A

Afferent and Efferent

181
Q

Autonomic Nervous System divided into:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

182
Q

Is composed of nerves
that control voluntary and involuntary movement
through skeletal muscle, and nerves that transduce
somatosensory information from the body

A

somatic nervous system

183
Q

Afferent nerve fibers

A

are bundles of axons of
sensory neurons that carry peripheral information to
the spinal cord and then to the brain

184
Q

carry motor commands from
the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral muscles
of the body

A

Efferent nerve fibers

185
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

is made up of
nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels,
smooth muscles, and glands

186
Q

Is the branch that

mobilizes the body’s resources

A

Sympathetic division

187
Q

Parasympathetic divison

A

is the branch that

conserves resources

188
Q

responses occur

along with heightened arousal or threat

A

Fight-or-flight (or freeze)

189
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Is comprised of approximately 500
million neurons with a highly
redundant organization

190
Q

Divisions of the brain:

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

191
Q

Hindbrain is composed of the:

A

Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum

192
Q

Is responsible for many
unconscious processes like those of
the autonomic system

A

medulla

193
Q

pons

A

has nuclei whose functions

include sleep and arousal

194
Q

Contains most
neurons in the brain and is involved in
motor skill and coordinated movement

A

cerebellum

195
Q

is located at the
top of the brainstem and is
involved in perception, reward
circuitry, and motor coordination

A

midbrain

196
Q

runs
from the lower brainstem to the
midbrain, involved in arousal

A

reticular formation

197
Q

Forebrain is divided into:

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebrum

198
Q 
Is a collection of
subcortical forebrain structures whose
functions predominantly include emotional
regulation, memory consolidation, and
motivation
A

limbic system

199
Q

hippocampus

A

consolidates short-term

into long-term memories

200
Q

adds affective valence to

perceptual and cognitive data

A

amygdala

201
Q

receives
dopaminergic input from the midbrain and
is involved in reward and reinforcement

A

nucleus accumbens

202
Q

Is the thin (2mm,
6-layered) convoluted outer layer of
the cerebrum (~20 billion neurons)

A

cerebral cortex

203
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

refer to

the left and right cerebral halves

204
Q

The cortical hemispheres are divided

into:

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, and

occipital lobes

205
Q

Lobes are connected by:

A 
corpus callosum (~200
million axons)
206
Q

rely on the destruction of brain areas to infer function based on
behavioural deficits

A

Lesioning studies

207
Q

A variety of methods are used to probe brain structure and function:

A
  • Lesioning
  • ESB/TMS
  • CT
  • fMRI
  • PET
  • EEG
208
Q

brain lesion

A

is an area of damage – these allow
researchers to infer some of the function of that
area based on the consequent behavioural deficits

209
Q

Broca’s Area

A

left pre-frontal; useful for grammar and language

210
Q

Left temporal cortex ; for semantics, (word meaning)

A

Wernicke’s area

211
Q

CT Scans

A

using x-rays , static image of the brain

212
Q

EM Stimulation

A

overstimulating areas; to stimulate or inhibit

213
Q

applies powerful magnetic field, getting high static image of the brain

A

fMRI

214
Q

PET scan

A

applying radioactive isotope, gives a shape of the brain

215
Q

electroencephalogram, scalp surface to record electrical activity in the cortex overtime

A

EEG

216
Q

There are __ stages in the wiring of the developing brain

A

six

217
Q

Three stages at play during brain development:

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Synaptogenesis
  3. Synapse rearrangement
218
Q

Is the creation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

219
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Is the creation of new synapses by existing

neurons, and is useful for the creation of new memories

220
Q

Is the modification of existing neural
pathways so as to adapt to new behavioural requirements or to
compensate for brain damage incurred through trauma

A

Synapse rearrangement

221
Q

Split-brain surgery

A 
involves cutting the
corpus callosum (for epilepsy)
222
Q

Left hemisphere

A

grammatical components
of language, symbolic & sequential
processing

223
Q

Area for affective & tonality
components of language, most
components of music, visuospatial and
attention-driven processes

A

Right Hemisphere

224
Q

Endocrine System

A

consists of glands that secrete hormones

into the bloodstream that help control various functions of the body

225
Q

Hormones

A

are chemical messengers released into the

bloodstream from glands (similar to neurotransmitters)

226
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

is often described as the “master gland”, and

acts as the main interface between the brain and endocrine system

227
Q

Oxytocin

A

bonding, social bonding

228
Q

Vasopressin

A

fluid retention and regulation

229
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

a body system involved in stress responses

230
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal

A

regulation of the reproductive system and immune system

231
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid

A

metabolic rate

232
Q

Is a complex
molecule of four base pairs (A,C,G,T) that encodes
genetic information (3 billion base pairs in humans)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

233
Q

Genes

A

are strings of DNA that are transcribed into
RNA and translated into proteins, which influence
cellular structure/function (~20,000 human genes)

234
Q

Genotype

A

refers to a specific genetic makeup

235
Q

refers to the genetic expression type

A

Phenotype

236
Q

Chromosomes

A

are strings of DNA/genes (23 pairs)

237
Q

Epigenetics

A

is the study of heritable changes in gene expression

that do not involve modifications to the DNA sequence

238
Q

Heredity and Behaviour Research Methods: (5)

A
  1. Family studies
  2. Twin studies
  3. Adoption studies
  4. Genetic mapping
  5. CRISPR- CAS9
239
Q

Polygenic

A

traits are those that are influenced by more than one gene

240
Q

adding up of the effects of two or more genes

A

Synergistic

241
Q

Natural selection

A

is the non-random differential survival of

pseudo-randomly varying replicators (genes)

242
Q

Three requirements of Natural selection:

A
  1. Genetic heritability
  2. Genetic Variance
  3. Selection pressure
243
Q

is the process by which individuals

compete for high quality mates – can counter other pressures

A

Sexual selection

244
Q

Fitness

A

refers to reproductive success of an organism

245
Q

refers to the survival of inherited traits that benefit

an organism by overcoming a specific selection pressure

A

Adaptation

Psychology 100 (1 decks)

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