PSYCHOLOGY 100

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience, and how they can be affected by physical, mental, social, and environmental factors.

Question 2

What are some overreaching goals of psychology?

Answer 2

• To understand how different brain structures work together to produce our behaviour
• To understand how nature (genetics) and nurture (our upbringing and environment) interact to make us who we are
• To understand how previous experiences influence how we think and act
• To understand how groups-family, culture, and crowds-affect the individual
• To understand how feelings of control can influence happiness and health
• To understand how each of these factors can influence our well-being and could contribute to psychological disorders

Question 3

What is the Scientific Method?

Answer 3

The Scientific Method is a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions.

Question 4

What is a Hypothesis?

Answer 4

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured.

A hypothesis can be supported or rejected.

Question 5

For a hypothesis to be testable_____?

Answer 5

it must be falsifiable, meaning that the hypothesis is precise enough that it could be proven false.

Question 6

What is pseudoscience?

Answer 6

An idea that is presented as science but does not actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure.

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

A theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole.

Question 8

What is the difference between a theory and hypothesis?

Answer 8

Theories are general principles or explanations of some aspects of the world (including human behaviours), whereas hypothesis are specific predictions that can test the theory.

Question 9

What are common misperceptions of theories?

Answer 9

• Theories are not the same as opinions
• All theories are not equally plausible (A good theory can explain previous research and can lead to even more testable hypotheses.
• The quality of a theory is not related to the number of people who believe it to be true.

Question 10

What is the Biospsychosocial Model?

Answer 10

It is a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Question 11

What do Biological factors include?

Answer 11

Biological influences on our behaviour involve brain structures and chemicals, hormones, and external substances such as drugs.

Question 12

What do Psychological factors include?

Answer 12

Psychological influences involve our memories, emotions, and personalities, and how these factors shape the way we think about and respond to different people and situations.

Question 13

What do Social (Sociocultural) factors include?

Answer 13

Family, peers, ethnicity, and culture can have a huge effect on our behaviour.

Question 14

What is scientific literacy?

Answer 14

The ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information.

Question 15

What four different skills does scientific literacy involve?

Answer 15

• Gathering knowledge about the world
• explaining it using scientific terms and concepts
• using critical thinking
• and applying and using information

Question 16

What is massed learning?

Answer 16

Performing all of the studying for an exam in one lengthy session

Question 17

What is spaced or distributed learning?

Answer 17

Having shorter study sessions, but spreading them out over several days

Question 18

What is clumped learning?

Answer 18

Studying for Two sessions per day on two consecutive days

Question 19

What does critical thinking involve?

Answer 19

Critical thinking involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, and with our own assumptions and beliefs.

Question 20

What are some core set of habits and skills for developing critical thinking:

Answer 20

1. Be curious. Simple answers are sometimes too simple, commonsense is not always correct or even close to it.
2. Examine the nature and source of the evidence; research is of equal quality.
3. Examine assumptions and biases. This includes your own assumptions as well as the assumptions of those making the claims.
4. Avoid overly emotional thinking. Emotions can tell us what we value, but they are not always helpful when it comes to making critical decisions.
5. Tolerate ambiguity. Most complex issues do not have clear cut answers.
6. Consider alternative viewpoints and alternative interpretations of the evidence.

Question 21

Understanding the steps of the scientific method…….

Answer 21

Scientific theories generate hypotheses, which are specific and testable predictions. If the hypotheses is confirmed, new hypotheses may stem from it, and the original theory receives added support. If hypotheses is rejected, the original hypotheses may be modified and retested, or the original theory may be modified or rejected.

Question 22

Science is a form of Norwich that stems from two fundamental beliefs. What are they?

Answer 22

Empiricism and Determinism

Question 23

What is empiricism?

Answer 23

Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience.

In the scientific sense, empiricism means that knowledge about the world is based on careful observation, not on common sense or speculation

Question 24

What is determinism?

Answer 24

Determinism is the believe that all events are governed by lawful, cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 25

In the mid-1800s, localization studied in two different ways, what were those two ways?

Answer 25

1. The first was phrenology, Which gained considerable popularity for more than 100 years thanks to physicians FRANZ GALL(1785-1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776-1832)

They believe that the brain consisted of 27 “organs”, Corresponding to mental treats and dispositions that could be detected by examining the surface of the skull.

It was believe that different traits and abilities were distributed across different regions of the brain.

The other approach to locaization entailed the study of brain injuries and the ways in which they affect behavior.

Question 26

Who is FRANZ MESMER?

Answer 26

He was an 18th-century Austrian physician practice thing in Paris.

He believed that prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluids in the body, thereby curing disease and insanity.

Although his claims was rejected out right by the medical and scientific community is in France, some of his patients seem to be cured after being rolled into a trance. Modern physicians and sweet this attribute is curious to the patients believe in the treatment but we now call cycle Maddock medicine

Question 27

Who developed the world’s first personality classification scheme?

Answer 27

Hyppocrates (460-370 BCE), Ancient Greece

Question 28

What were the four humours or fluids that flowed throughout the body that influenced both health and personality? (which the ancient Greeks believed?

Answer 28

BLOOD, YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE, AND PHLEGM

Question 29

Who is Galen of Pergamon (127-217) and what did he do?

Answer 29

He was one of the greatest ancient roman physician.

He refined Hippocrates’s more general work and suggested that the four humours combined to create TEMPERMENTS, or emotional and personality characteristics that remained stable throughout the lifetime.

Question 30

What were Galen’s four temperaments (each related to a humour)?

Answer 30

1. Sanguine (blood), a tendency to be impulsive, pleasure-seeking, and charismatic;
2. Choleric (yellow bile), a tendency to be ambitious, energetic, and a bit aggressive;
3. Melancholic (black bile), a tendency to be independent, perfectionistic, and a bit introverted; and
4. Phlegmatic (phlegm), a tendency to be quiet, relaxed, and content with life

Question 31

When did psychology become a science?

Answer 31

In the late 1800’s

Question 32

What was one of the main reasons that psychology took until the 1800’s to become scientific

Answer 32

Zeitgeist, a German word meaning “spirit of the times.”

Question 33

What does Zeitgeist refer to?

Answer 33

Zeitgeist refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history.

It can be used to understand why some ideas take off immediately, whereas other perfectly good ideas may go unnoticed for years.

Question 34

What is materialism?

Answer 34

It is the belief that humans, and other living beings, are composed exclusively of physical matter.

Question 35

What is dualism?

Answer 35

It is the opposing belief, that there are properties of humans that are not material (a mind or soul separate from the body)

Question 36

What did Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) study?

Answer 36

He studied sensation and perception. As a physicist, Fechner was interested in the natural world of moving objects and energy.

He turned his knowledge into psychological questions about how the physical and the mental worlds interact.

Question 37

What does the term psychophysics mean?

Answer 37

It is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world.

Question 38

what is an example of psychophysics?

Answer 38

Imagine having a one-pound weight in your right hand and a five pound weight in your left. Fechner would place a quarter-pound weight in each hand resting on top of the weight that is already there.

The quarter pound weight in the right hand will be perceived as heavier than the left hand (which has a heavier weight already).

Fechner even came up with an equation to precisely calculate the perceived change in weight, and applied this formula to apply to changes in brightness, loudness, and other perceptual experiences.

Question 39

What experiment was Charles Darwin working on and what was his theory?

Answer 39

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was studying the many varieties of plants and animals all found around the world.

Darwin noticed that animal groups that were isolated from one another often differed by only minor variations in physical features.

These variations seemed to fine-tune the species according to the particular environmental which they lived, making them better equipped for survival and reproduction.

His theory of evolution boy natural selection was based on his observations that the genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population. (i.e., useful traits will be passed onto future generations).

These specific traits differ across locations because different traits will prove beneficial in different environments.

Question 40

What does Darwin’s theory explain?

Answer 40

His theory explains that there is such a diversity of life on Earth. Darwin’s theory also helps to explain human (and animal) behaviour. As Darwin pointed out in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), behaviour is shaped by natural selection, just as physical traits are.

Question 41

What is clinical psychology?

Answer 41

It is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 42

What is a localization of the brain function?

Answer 42

It is the idea that certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics.

Question 43

What was the two different ways in which localization was studied in the mid-1800s?

Answer 43

1. Phrenology - FRANZ GALL & JOHANN SPURZHEIM believed that the brain consisted of 27 “organs”, corresponding to mental traits and dispositions that could be detected by examining the surface of the skull.

Supporters believed that different traits and abilities were distributed across different regions of the brain.

So if a person possessed a particular trait or ability, then the brain area related to that characteristic would be larger in the same way that the muscles in your arms would be larger if your job required you to lift things.

2. The other approach to localization entailed the study of brain injuries and the ways in which they affect behaviour. This work had a scientific grounding that phrenology lacked.

Question 44

Who is Franz Mezmer and what was his belief?

Answer 44

Franz Mesmer was an 18th century Austrian physician practicing in Paris. He believed that prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluids in the body, thereby curing disease and insanity.

Some of his patients seemed to be cured after being lulled into a trance. Modern doctors attributed these “c uses” to the patients’ belief in the treatment - what we now call psychosomatic medicine.

Question 45

What is psychosomatic medicine?

Answer 45

Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary medical field exploring the relationships among social, psychological, and behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals.

Question 46

Who is Sigmund Freud and what did he use hypnosis for?

Answer 46

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician who began to use hypnosis to treat his own patients.

He developed the concept of an unconscious mind and its underlying processes un has theory of psychoanalysis.

He was interested in how hypnosis cured several patients of hysterical paralysis - a condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack of any known neurological damage or disease. This led Freud to develop his famous theory and technique called psychoanalysis.

Question 47

What is hysterical paralysis?

Answer 47

It is a condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack of any known neurological damage or disease.

Question 48

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 48

It is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes.

Question 49

What did Freud acknowledge/believe in?

Answer 49

Freud acknowledge that conscious experiences includes perceptions, thoughts, a sense of self, and the sense that we are in control of ourselves. However, he also believed in an unconscious mind that contained forgotten episodes from childhood as well as urges to to fulfill self-serving sexual and aggressive impulses.

Question 50

Who was Sir Francis Galton and what did he discover?

Answer 50

Galton was a pioneer in measuring perception and in applying statistical analyses to the study of behaviour.

Galton developed ways of measuring what he called eminence - a combination of ability, morality, and achievement.

He was one of the first investigators to scientifically take on the question of nature and nurture relationships, the inquiry into how (heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes.

Galton’s beliefs and biases led him to pursue scientific justification for eugenic, which literally translates as “good genes”

Question 51

What is eminence?

Answer 51

It is a combination of ability, morality, and achievement.

Question 52

Who is Wilhelm Wundt and what did he contribute to psychology?

Answer 52

He is a German scientist and is widely credited as the “father” of experimental psychology.

• He opened the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour in 1879, where he conducted experiments on how people sense and perceive. His research method was introspection (which literally means to look within)
• Wundt also developed reaction time methods as a way of measuring mental effort. - Wundt discovered that mental activity is not instantaneous, but rather requires a small amount of effort measured by the amount of time it takes to react.

Question 53

Who is Edward Titchner and what did he devise?

Answer 53

Titchner was a student of Wilhelm Wundt, he adopted the same method of introspection used by Wundt to devise an organized map of the structure of human consciousness.

His line of research, structuralism, was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together.

Question 54

What is structuralism?

Answer 54

It was was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together.