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Psychology 100 Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

What do psychologists do?

A

Psychologist engage in research,practice and teaching. Some researchers engage primarily in basic, or pure research.

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2
Q

Pure research

A

research conducted without concern for immediate applications

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3
Q

applied research

A

research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.

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4
Q

Clinical Psychologists:

A

help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demand of life. Evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression

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5
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

use interviews and tests to define their clients problems, clients typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders

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6
Q

School psychologist

A

are employed by school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning and help the school make decisions about the placement of students in special classes

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7
Q

Educational psychologists

A

attempt to facilitate learning, but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.

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8
Q

developmental psychologists

A

study the changes-physical, cognitive,social, and emotional throughout the life span. They attempt to sort out the influences of heredity and the environment on development.

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9
Q

Personality psychologists

A

identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings and behavior.

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10
Q

social psychologists

A

are concerned with the nature and causes of individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

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11
Q

environmental psychologists

A

study the ways that people and the environment- the natural environment and the human-made environment-influence one another. study ways to encourage people to recycle and to preserve bastions of wilderness

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12
Q

experimental psychologist

A

specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion. use pigeons and rats to study

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13
Q

industrial psychologist

A

focus on relationships between people and work.

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14
Q

organizational psychologist

A

study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses

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15
Q

human factors psychologist

A

make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards more user-friendly

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16
Q

consumer psychologist

A

study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior. Advise store managers how to lay out store aisles in ways that boost impulse buying.

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17
Q

health psychologist

A

study the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Health psychologists also guide clients toward healthier behavior patterns.

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18
Q

forensic psychsologist

A

apply psychology to the criminal justice system. they deal with legal matters such as whether a defendant was sane when he or she committed a crime.

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19
Q

sport psychologist

A

help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, use cognitive strategies such as positive visualization to enhance performance and avoid choking under pressure.

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20
Q

Behaviorism

A

Founded by John Watson, is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior. The term observable refers to behaviors that are observable by means of specialized instruments, such s heart rate, blood pressure and brain waves.

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21
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

also contributed to behaviorism, he believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so. trained rats to do certain tricks

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22
Q

psychoanalysis

A

the school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior. Developed by Sigmund Freud, proposes that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.

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23
Q

Biological perspective

A

the approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures such as the functioning of the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes, on the other

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24
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving.

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25
Humanistic-existential perspective
is cognitive in flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of personal experience.
26
psychodynamic perspective
descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, emphasize the importance of unconscious mental forces.
27
social cognitive theory
a school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior, formerly termed social learning theory
28
sociocultural perspective
the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity , gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes. (ethnicity, gender)
29
How do psychologists study behavior and mental processes?
Critical Thinking and scientific method
30
Critical thinking
1. Be Skeptical 2. Insist on evidence 3. Examine definitions of terms 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments 5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence 6. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence 7. Do not oversimplify 8. Do not overgeneralize 9. Apply critical thinking to all areas of life
31
Hypothesis
in psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research
32
correlation
an association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades
33
selection factor
a source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study
34
sample
part of a population
35
population
a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn
36
random sample
a sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance o being selected to participate
37
stratified sample
a sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample
38
volunteer bias
a source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not
39
case study
a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews,questionnaires and psychological tests.
40
survey
a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior
41
naturalistic observation
a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments
42
correlation method
a mathematical method of determine whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases
43
correlation coefficient
a number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables
44
experiment
a scientific method that seeks to confirm cause- and -effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
45
independent variable
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that it effects may be observed
46
dependent variable
a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
47
experimental groups
in experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment
48
control groups
in experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant
49
placebo
a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine
50
blind
in experimental terminology unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment
51
double-blind study
a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment
52
informed consent
a participants agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments
53
Debrief
To explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant
54
Nervous system
Regulates the body and is involved in thought processes, emotional responses, heartbeat, and motor activity.
55
Zygote
A fertilized egg (egg cell)
56
Germinal stage
The first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall
57
Amniotic sac
A sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus
58
Placenta
A membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child but does not allow the maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix
59
Umbilical cord
A tube between the mother and her developing child through which nutrients and waste products are connected
60
Reflex
A simple unlearned response to a stimulus
61
Rooting
The turning of an infants head toward a touch, such as by the mothers nipple
62
Fixation time
The amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus
63
Assimilation
According to Piaget, the inclusion of a new event into an existing scheme
64
Schema
According to Piaget, a hypothetical mental structure that permits the classification and organization of new information
65
Accommodation
According to Piagets, the modification of schemas so that information inconsistent with existing schemas can be integrated or understood
66
Object permanence
Recognition that objects removed from sight still exist, as demonstrated in young children by continued pursuit
67
Sensorimotor stage
The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, characterized by coordination of sensory information and motor activity, early exploration of the environment, and lack of language
68
Preoperational stage
The second of Piaget's stages, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism
69
Egocentrism
According to Piaget's, the assumption that others view the world as one does oneself
70
Conservation
According to Piaget's, recognition that basic properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same when superficial features change
71
Objective responsibility
According to Piaget, the assignment of blame according to the amount of damage done rather than the motives of the actor
72
Concrete operational stage
Piaget's third stage, characterized by logical thought concerning tangible objects, conservation, and subjective morality
73
decentration
simultaneous focusing on more than one dimension of a problem, so that flexible, reversible thought becomes possible
74
subjective moral judgement
according to Piaget moral judgment that is based on the motives of the perpetrator
75
Zone of proximal development(ZDP)
Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops
76
scaffolding
Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently
77
Preconventional level
according to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements are based largely on expectation of reward or punishments (ALL ABOUT YOURSELF)
78
conventional level
according to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements largely reflect social conventions, a "law and order" approach to morality (thinking about others)
79
attachment
the enduring affection tie that binds one person to another
80
contact comfort
a hypothesized primary drive to seek physical comfort through contact with another
81
ethologist
a scientist who studies the characteristic behavior patterns of species of animals
82
critical period
a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus
83
imprinting
a process occurring during a critical period in the development of an organism, in which that organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify
84
authoritative parents
parents who are strict and warm, authoritative parents demand mature behavior but use reason rather than force in discipline
85
authoritarian
parents who are rigid in their rules and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience for the sake of obedience
86
permissive parents
parents who impose few, if any, rules and who do not supervise their children closely
87
uninvolved parents
parents who generally leave their children to themselves
88
adolescence
the period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities
89
puberty
the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible
90
secondary sex characteristics
characteristics that distinguish the sexes, such as distribution of body hair and depth of voice, but that are not directly involved in reproduction
91
menarche
the beginning of menstruation
92
formal operational stage
Piaget's fourth stage, characterized by abstract logical thought and deception from principles
93
imaginary audience
inspect of adolescent egocentrism, the belief that other people are as concerned with our thoughts and behaviors as we are (museum story)
94
personal fable
another aspect of adolescent egocentrism, the belief that our feelings and ideas are special and unique and that we are invulnerable
95
post conventional level
according to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards
96
ego identity
Erik son's term for a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
97
role diffusion
Edison's term fro lack of clarity in one's life roles (due to failure to develop ego identity)
98
emerging adulthood
period of development roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which time many young people in affluent nations attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues and create life plans
99
menopause
the ending of menstruation
100
crystallized intelligence
one's lifetime of intellectual achievement, as shown largely through vocabulary and knowledge of world affairs
101
fluid intelligence
mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems
102
alzheimer's disease
a progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem solving and other cognitive functions
103
empty-nest syndrome
a sense of depression and loss of purpose felt by some parents when the youngest child leaves home
104
sandwich generation
people in middle adulthood who are responsible for meeting the needs of their children yet also responsible for aging parents
105
How long does the fetal stage last?
The beginning of the third month until birth
106
What begins to form at the end of the third month of the fetus?
Major organ systems, fingers and toes have formed
107
What usually happens during the middle of the fourth month
Mother is able to detect the first fetal movements
108
What happens during the 6th month of pregnancy?
the fetus moves its limbs so vigorously that mothers often feel that they are being kicked. The fetus opens and shuts its eyes,sucks its dumb, alternates between period of being awake and sleeping, and responds to light. can also somersault (felt by mother)
109
What happens during the three months prior to birth?
Organ systems continue to mature. The heart and lungs become increasingly capable of sustaining independent life.Fetus gains about 51/2 pounds and doubles in length.
110
What is the average weight of a newborn boy and girl?
Newborn boys: 71/2 lbs | Newborn girls: 7 lbs
111
Explain the features of emerging adulthood.
Many in wealthy nations spend time in what some theorists consider a new period of development, roughly spanning the ages of 18- 25, emerging adulthood. During this time, many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create meaningful life plans.
112
What happens in the first 2 years of childhood?
Dramatic gains in height and weight continue. Double their birth weight in about 5 months and triple their weight by their first birthday. Their height increases by about 10 inches in the first year. After 2 years old, they gain about two to three inches a year until they reach the adolescent growth spurt
113
What are the 3 theories in cognitive development?
Piaget's Stage Theory Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
114
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Ainsworth's attachment studies explored what?
aspects of social and emotional development in childhood

Psychology exam 1 (1 decks)

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