Psychological Treatment Flashcards
PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is psychotherapy?
A term covering the wide and disparate range of techniques used in an attempt to enhance psychological and emotional well-being.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
How do they vary?
Vary in terms of efficacy (how useful they are)
Scientific rigour (how well supported by evidence they are)
Can also be biased (it might work better for some groups compared to others)
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Who does psychotherapy?
Social workers, counsellors, nurses, GPs, Psychiatrists. It is not just done by psychologists.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Where is it done?
Can be done in: Workplaces Support services Group/family settings Hospitals Schools Online/over the phone Practitioner rooms/surgeries.
What makes a good therapist?
Warmth & empathetic
Ability to develop good therapeutic alliance
Focus on the key issues
Able to align treatment approach with the person
Willing to get feedback from client, supervisor and colleagues
Keep up to date with research
Expected to behave in ethical manner.
What do we base therapeutic practice on?
The Science-practitioner model: which is an interrelationship between research and practitioners
What are the 5 psychotherapeutic perspectives?
Psychodynamic Humanistic-Existential Behavioural Cognitive Behavioural Biological
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What are psychodynamic therapies?
Found by Freud, based on the assumption that psychopathology develops when people remain unaware of their true motivations and fears
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What are the 2 key principles of it to work?
Insight: clients capacity to understand their own psychological processes
Therapist-Client Alliance: crucial in effective change to the disordered psychological processes.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What are the 5 core beliefs of psychodynamic therapies?
- Behaviour is driven by unconscious wishes, impulses, drives and conflicts
- Meaningful explanation for abnormal behaviour
3- Issues are based on childhood experience.
4- Reliving of past emotional experiences is crucial.
5- Once the client understands, the issue often resolves itself.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is free association?
The first stage of psychoanalysis where the client is encouraged to give free rein on their thought and feelings with the intent to uncover unconscious material.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is Interpretation?
The second stage of psychoanalysis. The therapist points out to the patient, their defences and underlying meaning of their thoughts and behaviours.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is dream analysis?
The third stage of psychoanalysis. The therapist interprets dreams in the context of what is occurring in life for the person.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is resistance?
The 4th stage of psychoanalysis. Resistance to free association are thought to arise from unconscious control over sensitive areas.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is transference?
The 5th stage of psychoanalysis. The process by which people experience similar thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes and conflicts in new relationship as they did in previous relationships; they might transfer feelings and existing beliefs.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What is working through?
The 6th stage of psychoanalysis. Where the therapist assist the person in processing the info and insights gained through therapy and involves continued identification of arising conflicts and resistance.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
What are the criticisms of the psychodynamic approach?
Sample bias - based on rich, intelligent and successful individuals (no variance)
Confirmation Bias- selecting information that supports claims and disregarding evidence that doesn’t.
Long term is expensive.
Do we really need insight to solve problems?
Lack of scientific rigour in some situations.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is it?
Similar to psychodynamic therapies, it requires the client to develop insight. It is the belief that human nature is inherently positive and good and that we all have the ability to reach our full potential. The aim is to help people get in touch with their true selves and with a sense of meaning of life.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is phenomenology?
The way each person consciously experiences the self, relationships and the world.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
A hierarchy that starts at the basic human needs such as physiological needs, to the pinnacle of self actualisation.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is Person-Centred therapy?
Developed by Carl Rogers who rejected the notion of a disease model; meaning you should not be treating people as unwell. The core traits of the therapist include:
Authentic and genuine
Unconditional positive regard
Must relate to client with empathetic understanding.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What are the assumptions of Person-Centred therapy?
- People can be understood only from the vantage point of their own perceptions and feelings.
- Healthy people are aware of their own behaviour.
- People are innately good and effective, they become ineffective only when faulty learning intervenes.
- Behaviour is purposive and goal directed.
- Therapists should not attempt to manipulate events for the individual. (the client needs to come to their own conclusion.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is Gestalt Therapy?
Dysfunction is caused by individuals surpassing experiences and traits that are anxiety inducing. Therefore we need to recognise and accept these to become integrated and whole.
Emphasis on therapy is accepting responsibility for own feelings and focussing on the here and now.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What are the techniques used in Gestalt therapy?
Empty Chair technique: provides opportunity to talk to another without risk.
Two chair technique: outlines both sides of the story.
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
What are the criticisms of Humanistic-Existential Therapy?
- Lack of scientific rigour in some situations
- Positive regard and empathy may not be necessary for effective counselling
- Efficacy is variable
- Cultural bias- some argue that is based on western individualistic values.
BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPIES
How did they develop?
A result of the development of behaviourism and cognitive psych. Both have their scientific explorations rather than clinical practice.
BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPIES
What are the basic principles?
- Short term therapy.
- Therapeutic focus is current behaviour/cognitions, not on the past experiences or inferred motives.
- Therapy commences with behavioural analysis.
- Therapy targets problematic behaviours, cognitions and emotional responses.
BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPIES
What is the exposure technique?
Used to treat phobias and anxiety triggered responses; it involves confronting the client with the stimulus they fear. Techniques of exposure include:
Systematic desensitisation
Flooding techniques
Virtual reality exposure