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Theories Of Crime > Psychological Theory > Flashcards

Psychological Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Walters lifestyle theory aims to explain the development of _________ and subsequent change I. ____ processes

A

Lifestyle

Desistance

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2
Q

How life style develops focusing on (5 factors)

A

Hedonistic motivation
Excitement seeking
Desire for personal advantage
Constructive or defensive reactions to fear and threats
Defensive reactions including aggression withdrawal immobilisation and appeasement

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3
Q

Subsequent change in desistance precedes - criminals focus on changes in _____ -______taking ______ including eases in ____-_____ and understanding the impact of action on ________

A

Self concept
Responsibility
Self. Confidence
Other people

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4
Q

Eysenck personality theory viewed offending as _____ even _____ on the assumption that humans were hedonistic sought to please and avoided pain
Hedonistic tendency to commit crimes was opposed by the _______ which was viewed as a conditioned _____ response

A

Natural
Rational
Conscience
Fear

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5
Q

PT:
people who commit offences have not built up strong enough ____ mainly because that have inherently _____ ______________

A

Consciences

Poor conditionability

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6
Q

Pt:
Poor conditionability is linked to Eysenck’s 3 dimensions personality:
E_______ - PC because low levels of cortical arousal
N_______ - PC because high resting level of anxiety
P_________

A

Extroversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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7
Q

EVIDENCE OF PT:

Cambridge study:
Those who scored high on __ and __ tended to be juvenile self-reported offenders and, adult self reported offenders and adult official offenders

A

E

N

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8
Q

PT:

Theory to explain link between impulsiveness and offending

Persons with ________ deficits will tend to commit offences because they have _______ _________ over their behaviour
______ ________ to consider the possible consequences of their acts and a tendancy to focus on _________ _______

Evidence: Montreal study

It was a ________ study found that a measure of _________ functioning beaded on tests at 14 was the strongest neurological discriminator between _____ and ______ boys

A

Neuropsychological
poor control
Poor ability
Immediate gratification

Longitudinal
Executive
Violent
Non violent

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9
Q

What does ICAP mean?

A

Interstates cognitive antisocial potential theory

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10
Q

What does ICAP theory aim to explain?

Which study is it influenced by?

A

What cognitive processes lead someone with the potions to display ASB to actually commiting a crime

Cambridge study - explain offending in lower class males

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11
Q

What other theories does ICAP integrate its ideas from?

  1. S_____
  2. c_______
  3. L_______
  4. R_______ C_______ A_________
A

Atrial
Controllabeing
Rational choice approaches

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12
Q

What is the key construct of ICAP?

A

Antisocial potentional

We all have the optional to be antisocial whether the potential translates into crime depends on thoughts (cognitive processes) that take into account opputinitnes and victims

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13
Q

What does the translation of antisocial potential to antisocial behaviour depend on?

A

Cognitive processes that take into account opportunities and victims

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14
Q

What at the long term risk factors that predict long term persisting between individual differences and antisocial behaviour?

Cambridge study the most important childhood risk factors for later offending were…. (8)

  1. Hyperactivity ________ attention _____
  2. Low ___
  3. Low __________
  4. _______ criminality
  5. Family ______
  6. Large _______
  7. Poor _______
  8. Disrupted _______
A

Hyperactivity impulsivity attention deficit

Low intelligence

Low attainment

Family criminality

Family poverty

Large family size

Poor child rearing

Disrupted families

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15
Q

Following strain theory an energising factors that potentially lead to high long term AP are (3 factors)

Motivations only lead to high AP if antisocial methods of satisfying them are ____ ______

A

Desire for material goods status amount intimates
Excitement and sexual satisfaction

Habitually chosen

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16
Q

Antisocial behaviour tends to be chosen by people who find it difficult to _________ ________

These people tend to be
____
_______
_________-

A

Satisfy their needs legitimately

Low income
Unemployed
Fail st school

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17
Q

What protects against andtsocual behaviour? (Gives low antisocial potential)
8

A

If you don’t have physical capability
If you don’t have behavioural skills

  1. Parents are consistent and contingent punishments
  2. Attached to pro-social parents
  3. Unbroken homes
  4. No criminal parents or delinquent peers
  5. Not impulsive people
  6. Decreases as people get married or move out of high crime areas
18
Q

According to ICAP theory why do people commit crime?

A

Depends on interaction between individual- their level of AP - and the social environment

19
Q

What short term energising factors could cause a short term increase in AP in the individual?

A 
Bored 
Drink 
Angry
Encouraged by peers 
Seeing a criminal situation
20
Q

Whether a person with a certain level of ap commits a crime in a given situation depends on their ______ ______

Weighing up the costs and benefits:

Immediate situational factors
_____-
______

Social factors
_______
_______

A

Cognitive processes

Material good vs chances of being caught

Disapproval of parents of girlfriend vs encouragement and reinforcement from peers

21
Q

People make descions that seem rational to them

Those with ______ of AP unlikely to act even when it appears rational to do so

Those with _____ _____ increase in AP COMMIT OFFENCES WHEN UT US NOT RAtional for them to do so

A

Low

High short term

22
Q

Consequences of offending may lead to change in ____ _____ and future cognitive decision making

Especially likely if consequences are:

A

Long term antisocial potential

Reinforcing
Punishing
Involve labelling or stigma misting the offender
(Increase LT AP as more difficult for offender to achieve aims legally)

23
Q

What is pattersons social learning theory?

A

Version of SLT focusing on ideas of coercion

24
Q

With is PATTERSONS SLT based on?

What did they find about parent child interactions?

A

Systematic Observations of parent child interactions

Antisocial children had parents deficient in their methods of child rearing

25
Q

What did parents of antisocial children fail to do?

Parents behave coercively to children (shout, threatened)

A

Failed to tell children how they were expected to behave

Motion their behaviour to ensure it was desirable

Enforce rules promptly and unambiguous with appropriate rewards and penalties

Used more punishment such as scolding shouting or threats

Fail to punish consistently or make it contingent to child’s behaviour

26
Q

Children raised in coercive families…

A

Learn to use coercive families learn to use coercive behaviours to terminate hostile situations

27
Q

According to Pattersons social learning theory:
_________
_________
Are effective in preventing delinquency

A

Consistent contingent reactions by parents

Careful monitoring of children

28
Q

Research shows that many different types of ___________ are effective in predicting delinquency

A

Child rearing methods

29
Q

Most important child rearing methods are

4

A

Supervision
Discipline
Warmth of emotional reactions
Parental involvement

30
Q

Which if the four child rearing dimensions is the most replicable predictor of offending

A

Supervision

31
Q

In relation to supervision what did McCord 1979 find?

A

Poor parental supervision was the best predictor of violent and property crime until 45 years

32
Q

What types of discipline predict delinquency?

What did Newson 1989 find about punitive punishment and offending

A

Harsh, punitive, Erratic, inconsistent

Physical punishment at 7 and 11 predicted later convictions
40% smacked at 11 vs 14% of non offenders

33
Q

How did Patterson apply his theory?

A

By developing parent management training

34
Q

What did pattersons parent management training aim?

A

To train antisocial parents in effective child rearing methods monitoringw behaviour over long periods

35
Q

What are effective child rearing methods that parents can use 4

A

Monitoring behaviour over a long period of time
Clearly stating house rules
Being consistent in rewards and punishments make them contingent on behaviour
Negotiating disagreements so that conflicts don’t encourage

36
Q

Crime is learned socially is which approaches stance?

A

Social learning theory

We learn crime through modelling

37
Q

If a person is ______ you will pay more ______ then _______ information as to how they are acting _______ it and if they gain something for their behaviour you will be more _______ to _______ it

A 
Respected 
Attention 
Retain
Motivated 
Reproduce
38
Q

Parents use of physical punishment at ages 7 and 11 later predicted __________

A

Antisocial deviance

39
Q

Jeffery 1965 proposed. Ruminate behaviour develops through

A

operant conditioning

40
Q

Criminal act occurs in an _______ in which the past actor has been ______ for behaviour from in this manner and the _____ ________ attached to the behaviour have been insufficient to prevent or control response

A

Environment
Reinforced
Aversive consequences

41
Q

Evidence for crime learned

  1. Reconditioning
  2. Roles of parents
A
  1. Marshal (2006)
    Olfactory aversive conditioning
    Masturbatory reconditioning
    – based on conditioning principles to help individuals divert deviant sexual interests to more socially acceptable or less harmful
  2. Harsh or punitive parenting predicts later offending
    Parents use of physical punishment predicts later antisocial deviance 40^ of offenders smacked vs 14% non offenders

Robins, 1979 Longitudinal study delinquency predicted by poor parental supervision harsh discipline, rejecting attitude

42
Q

Evidence crime is learned

Farrington 2005 Cambridge study

A

Family factors found to be predictive of later antisocial behaviour poor parental supervision at 8 predicted social device at 48
Harsh or erratic parenting and physical neglect predictive of psychopath traits

Theories Of Crime (1 decks)

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