Psychological Theory Flashcards
Walters lifestyle theory aims to explain the development of _________ and subsequent change I. ____ processes
Lifestyle
Desistance
How life style develops focusing on (5 factors)
Hedonistic motivation
Excitement seeking
Desire for personal advantage
Constructive or defensive reactions to fear and threats
Defensive reactions including aggression withdrawal immobilisation and appeasement
Subsequent change in desistance precedes - criminals focus on changes in _____ -______taking ______ including eases in ____-_____ and understanding the impact of action on ________
Self concept
Responsibility
Self. Confidence
Other people
Eysenck personality theory viewed offending as _____ even _____ on the assumption that humans were hedonistic sought to please and avoided pain
Hedonistic tendency to commit crimes was opposed by the _______ which was viewed as a conditioned _____ response
Natural
Rational
Conscience
Fear
PT:
people who commit offences have not built up strong enough ____ mainly because that have inherently _____ ______________
Consciences
Poor conditionability
Pt:
Poor conditionability is linked to Eysenck’s 3 dimensions personality:
E_______ - PC because low levels of cortical arousal
N_______ - PC because high resting level of anxiety
P_________
Extroversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism
EVIDENCE OF PT:
Cambridge study:
Those who scored high on __ and __ tended to be juvenile self-reported offenders and, adult self reported offenders and adult official offenders
E
N
PT:
Theory to explain link between impulsiveness and offending
Persons with ________ deficits will tend to commit offences because they have _______ _________ over their behaviour
______ ________ to consider the possible consequences of their acts and a tendancy to focus on _________ _______
Evidence: Montreal study
It was a ________ study found that a measure of _________ functioning beaded on tests at 14 was the strongest neurological discriminator between _____ and ______ boys
Neuropsychological
poor control
Poor ability
Immediate gratification
Longitudinal
Executive
Violent
Non violent
What does ICAP mean?
Interstates cognitive antisocial potential theory
What does ICAP theory aim to explain?
Which study is it influenced by?
What cognitive processes lead someone with the potions to display ASB to actually commiting a crime
Cambridge study - explain offending in lower class males
What other theories does ICAP integrate its ideas from?
- S_____
- c_______
- L_______
- R_______ C_______ A_________
Atrial
Controllabeing
Rational choice approaches
What is the key construct of ICAP?
Antisocial potentional
We all have the optional to be antisocial whether the potential translates into crime depends on thoughts (cognitive processes) that take into account opputinitnes and victims
What does the translation of antisocial potential to antisocial behaviour depend on?
Cognitive processes that take into account opportunities and victims
What at the long term risk factors that predict long term persisting between individual differences and antisocial behaviour?
Cambridge study the most important childhood risk factors for later offending were…. (8)
- Hyperactivity ________ attention _____
- Low ___
- Low __________
- _______ criminality
- Family ______
- Large _______
- Poor _______
- Disrupted _______
Hyperactivity impulsivity attention deficit
Low intelligence
Low attainment
Family criminality
Family poverty
Large family size
Poor child rearing
Disrupted families
Following strain theory an energising factors that potentially lead to high long term AP are (3 factors)
Motivations only lead to high AP if antisocial methods of satisfying them are ____ ______
Desire for material goods status amount intimates
Excitement and sexual satisfaction
Habitually chosen
Antisocial behaviour tends to be chosen by people who find it difficult to _________ ________
These people tend to be
____
_______
_________-
Satisfy their needs legitimately
Low income
Unemployed
Fail st school
What protects against andtsocual behaviour? (Gives low antisocial potential)
8
If you don’t have physical capability
If you don’t have behavioural skills
- Parents are consistent and contingent punishments
- Attached to pro-social parents
- Unbroken homes
- No criminal parents or delinquent peers
- Not impulsive people
- Decreases as people get married or move out of high crime areas
According to ICAP theory why do people commit crime?
Depends on interaction between individual- their level of AP - and the social environment
What short term energising factors could cause a short term increase in AP in the individual?
Bored Drink Angry Encouraged by peers Seeing a criminal situation
Whether a person with a certain level of ap commits a crime in a given situation depends on their ______ ______
Weighing up the costs and benefits:
Immediate situational factors
_____-
______
Social factors
_______
_______
Cognitive processes
Material good vs chances of being caught
Disapproval of parents of girlfriend vs encouragement and reinforcement from peers
People make descions that seem rational to them
Those with ______ of AP unlikely to act even when it appears rational to do so
Those with _____ _____ increase in AP COMMIT OFFENCES WHEN UT US NOT RAtional for them to do so
Low
High short term
Consequences of offending may lead to change in ____ _____ and future cognitive decision making
Especially likely if consequences are:
Long term antisocial potential
Reinforcing
Punishing
Involve labelling or stigma misting the offender
(Increase LT AP as more difficult for offender to achieve aims legally)
What is pattersons social learning theory?
Version of SLT focusing on ideas of coercion
With is PATTERSONS SLT based on?
What did they find about parent child interactions?
Systematic Observations of parent child interactions
Antisocial children had parents deficient in their methods of child rearing
What did parents of antisocial children fail to do?
Parents behave coercively to children (shout, threatened)
Failed to tell children how they were expected to behave
Motion their behaviour to ensure it was desirable
Enforce rules promptly and unambiguous with appropriate rewards and penalties
Used more punishment such as scolding shouting or threats
Fail to punish consistently or make it contingent to child’s behaviour
Children raised in coercive families…
Learn to use coercive families learn to use coercive behaviours to terminate hostile situations
According to Pattersons social learning theory:
_________
_________
Are effective in preventing delinquency
Consistent contingent reactions by parents
Careful monitoring of children
Research shows that many different types of ___________ are effective in predicting delinquency
Child rearing methods
Most important child rearing methods are
4
Supervision
Discipline
Warmth of emotional reactions
Parental involvement
Which if the four child rearing dimensions is the most replicable predictor of offending
Supervision
In relation to supervision what did McCord 1979 find?
Poor parental supervision was the best predictor of violent and property crime until 45 years
What types of discipline predict delinquency?
What did Newson 1989 find about punitive punishment and offending
Harsh, punitive, Erratic, inconsistent
Physical punishment at 7 and 11 predicted later convictions
40% smacked at 11 vs 14% of non offenders
How did Patterson apply his theory?
By developing parent management training
What did pattersons parent management training aim?
To train antisocial parents in effective child rearing methods monitoringw behaviour over long periods
What are effective child rearing methods that parents can use 4
Monitoring behaviour over a long period of time
Clearly stating house rules
Being consistent in rewards and punishments make them contingent on behaviour
Negotiating disagreements so that conflicts don’t encourage
Crime is learned socially is which approaches stance?
Social learning theory
We learn crime through modelling
If a person is ______ you will pay more ______ then _______ information as to how they are acting _______ it and if they gain something for their behaviour you will be more _______ to _______ it
Respected Attention Retain Motivated Reproduce
Parents use of physical punishment at ages 7 and 11 later predicted __________
Antisocial deviance
Jeffery 1965 proposed. Ruminate behaviour develops through
operant conditioning
Criminal act occurs in an _______ in which the past actor has been ______ for behaviour from in this manner and the _____ ________ attached to the behaviour have been insufficient to prevent or control response
Environment
Reinforced
Aversive consequences
Evidence for crime learned
- Reconditioning
- Roles of parents
- Marshal (2006)
Olfactory aversive conditioning
Masturbatory reconditioning
– based on conditioning principles to help individuals divert deviant sexual interests to more socially acceptable or less harmful - Harsh or punitive parenting predicts later offending
Parents use of physical punishment predicts later antisocial deviance 40^ of offenders smacked vs 14% non offenders
Robins, 1979 Longitudinal study delinquency predicted by poor parental supervision harsh discipline, rejecting attitude
Evidence crime is learned
Farrington 2005 Cambridge study
Family factors found to be predictive of later antisocial behaviour poor parental supervision at 8 predicted social device at 48
Harsh or erratic parenting and physical neglect predictive of psychopath traits
