psychological modern perspectives

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time.

Question 2

waking consciousness

Answer 2

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels

Question 3

altered state of consciousness

Answer 3

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Question 4

circadian rhythm

Answer 4

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

Question 5

microsleeps

Answer 5

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds.

Question 6

sleep deprivation

Answer 6

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.

Question 7

rapid eye movement sleep (R, REM)

Answer 7

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Voluntary muscles are inhibited so there little or no movement

Question 8

non-REM (NREM)

Answer 8

sleep any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.
Muscles not inhibited so person can move around. Goes from lighter stages to a deep restful stage.

Question 9

sleep paralysis

Answer 9

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.

Question 10

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

Answer 10

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the volun-tary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

Question 11

REM rebound

Answer 11

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.

Question 12

nightmares

Answer 12

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep.

Question 13

night terrors

Answer 13

relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.

Question 14

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Answer 14

occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.

Question 15

insomnia

Answer 15

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep

Question 16

sleep apnea

Answer 16

disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more.

Question 17

narcolepsy

Answer 17

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

Question 18

dissociation

Answer 18

divided state of conscious awareness.

Question 19

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Answer 19

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.

Question 20

psychoactive drugs

Answer 20

chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory.

Question 21

physical dependence

Answer 21

condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.

Question 22

withdrawal

Answer 22

physical symptoms that can include nau-sea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.

Question 23

drug tolerance

Answer 23

the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve the same effect.

Question 24

psychological dependence

Answer 24

the belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.

Question 25

stimulants drugs

Answer 25

that increase the functioning of the nervous system. depressants drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.

Question 26

hallucinogenics

Answer 26

drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.

Question 27

amphetamines

Answer 27

stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature.

Question 28

cocaine

Answer 28

a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant.

Question 29

nicotine

Answer 29

the stimulant found in tobacco.

Question 30

caffeine

Answer 30

a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances

Question 31

barbiturates

Answer 31

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.

Question 32

benzodiazepines

Answer 32

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.

Question 33

alcohol

Answer 33

the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.

Question 34

opiates

Answer 34

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Question 35

opium

Answer 35

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.

Question 36

morphine

Answer 36

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.

Question 37

heroin

Answer 37

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.

Question 38

opioids

Answer 38

synthetic drugs that mimic the pain-reducing effects of opiates and their addictive properties

Question 39

hallucinogens

Answer 39

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful synthetic hallucinogen.

Question 40

PCP

Answer 40

synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

Question 41

MDMA (ecstasy or X)

Answer 41

designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.

Question 42

Stimulatory hallucinogenics

Answer 42

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

Question 43

marijuana

Answer 43

mild hallucinogen (also known as “pot” or “weed”) derived from the leaves and flow-ers of a particular type of hemp plant.

Question 44

Hypnosis

Answer 44

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.