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Psychological Measurement > Psychological Measurement Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psychological Measurement Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

a multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways across the life span.

A

Intelligence

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2
Q

____ is remembered as the first person to publish on the heritability of intelligence, thus framing the contemporary nature-nurture debate, and believed that the most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities.

A

Sir Francis Galton

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3
Q

Piaget hypothesized that learning occurs through 2 basic mental operations: ______&______.

A

assimilation

accommodation

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4
Q

actively organizing new information so that it fits in with what already is perceived and thought.

A

assimilation

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5
Q

changing what is already perceived or thought so that it fits with new information.

A

accomodation

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6
Q

_____ refers to the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of one’s intelligence.

A

interactionism

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7
Q

In ______, the focus is squarely on identifying the

ability or groups of abilities deemed to constitute intelligence.

A

factor-analytic theories

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8
Q

In ______, the focus is on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence.

A

information-processing theories

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9
Q

The branch of medicine that focuses on the nervous system and its disorders is ______.

A

neurology

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10
Q

The branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain functioning and behavior is ______.

A

neuropsychology

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11
Q

______ may be defined as the evaluation of brain and nervous system functioning as it relates to behavior.

A

Neuropsychological assessment

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12
Q

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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13
Q

consists of neurons that convey messages to and from the rest of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

The deviation of IQ scale includes a mean of ______ and a standard deviation of _____.

A

100

15

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15
Q

IQ of 145-160 range is _______.

A

Very gifted or highly advanced

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16
Q

IQ of 130-144 range is _______.

A

Gifted or very advanced

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17
Q

IQ of 120-129 range is _______.

A

superior

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18
Q

IQ of 110-119 range is _______.

A

High average

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19
Q

IQ of 90-109 range is _______.

A

average

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20
Q

IQ of 80-89 range is _______.

A

low average

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21
Q

IQ of 70-79 range is _______.

A

Borderline impaired or delayed

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22
Q

IQ of 55-69 range is _______.

A

Mildly impaired or delayed

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23
Q

IQ of 40-54 range is _______.

A

Moderately impaired or delayed

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24
Q

What is required for a diagnosis of mental retardation?

A

An IQ of 69 or below and a deficit of certain skills, i.e. adaptive skills. (the ability to organize one’s life)

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25
Q

What percentage of the human population is mentally retarded?

A

4%

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26
Q

Being able to wake yourself up, and cook breakfast, drive yourself to school, organize your school work, go to work, etc.
What are these everyday behaviors?
Personal conduct that one is capable of modifying in age-appropriate ways to effectively address needs, demands, and challenges

A

Adaptive Behaviors

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27
Q

__________: IQ 50–70; children require mild support; formally called “Educable Mentally Retarded”.

A

mild mental retardation

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28
Q

_________: IQ 35–40 to 50–55; children require moderate supervision and assistance; formally called “Trainable Mentally Retarded”.

A

Moderate mental retardation

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29
Q

___________: IQ 20-25 to 35-40; can be taught basic life skills and simple tasks with supervision.

A

Severe mental retardation

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30
Q

___________: IQ below 20-25; usually cause by a neurological condition; require constant care.

A

Profound mental retardation

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31
Q

Why are most people mentally retarded?

A

It is just the way they were made because nature distributes intelligence regularly.

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32
Q

What is the number one pathological cause of mental retardation?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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33
Q

What are some common components in definitions of intelligence?

A
  • adaptability - plan effectively
  • good verbal skills - infer perceptively
  • educability - make sound judgments
  • large memory component - solve problems
  • speed - grasp and visualize concepts
  • acquire and apply knowledge - be intuitive
  • reason logically - pay attention
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34
Q

Does research suggest that intelligence is influenced more by heredity or environment?

A

Research suggest that intelligence is influenced more by heredity. Ex: taking the IQ of mother and father and getting average will be the IQ of the child.

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35
Q

Is intelligence stable over the lifespan?

A

yes

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36
Q

What was the most important determinant of cognitive performance as an older adult?

A

Young adult intelligence

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37
Q

_______ involves global cognitive deterioration; memory impairment, disorientation, chronic, slow onset and the progressive effects of these.

A

Dementia

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38
Q

_______involves global cognitive deterioration; fluctuating level of consciousness with decreased attention, disorientation, visual hallucinations, agitation, apathy, withdrawal, memory impairment, it’s onset is acute, remits with correction of medical attention.

A

Delirium

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39
Q

component of intelligence that allows you to solve problems that you’ve not come across before

A

fluid intelligence

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40
Q

the body of facts and knowledge that you’ve acquired over your lifetime

A

crystallized intelligence

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41
Q

How are crystallized and fluid intelligence related to each other?

A

Crystallized intelligence tends to hover right around fluid intelligence

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42
Q

someone that really pushed the bounds on their crystallized intelligence tests as being somewhat above their fluid intelligence

A

overachiever

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43
Q

someone whose crystallized intelligence is below their fluid intelligence

A

underachiever

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44
Q

What are some things that correlate with intelligence?

A

ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape and activity level of different parts of the brain
Musical training
GPA
reasoning

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45
Q

What are the two subtests of the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)?

A

Core Subtests

Supplemental Subtests

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46
Q

What are the differences between the core and supplemental subtests of the WAIS?

A

The core subtests are administered to obtain a composite score. The supplemental subtest (optional subtest) is used for purposes such as providing additional clinical information or extending the number of abilities or processes sampled.

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47
Q

What are the core subtests of the WAIS?

A

(Block Design, Similarities, Digit Span, Matrix, Reasoning, Vocabulary, Arithmetic, Symbol Search, Visual Puzzles, Information, and Coding)

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48
Q

What are the supplemental subtests of the WAIS?

A

(Letter-Numbering Sequencing, Figure Weights, Comprehension, Cancellation, and Picture Completion)

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49
Q

An individual’s unique constellation of psychological traits and states is a definition for what?

A

Personality

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50
Q

_______ is a constellation of traits

A

Personality

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51
Q

interrelated set behavioral repertoires that’s stable/consistent across time and situation

A

trait

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52
Q

the use of the word _____ presupposes a relatively enduring behavioral predisposition

A

trait

53
Q

_______ refers to a relative stable or enduring personality characteristic.

A

trait anxiety- or anxiety proneness

54
Q

a ______is personality testing, a ______ is temporary, time limited, situation driven.

A

trait, state

55
Q

something in the world happened to you that influenced a particular set of repertoires

A

State

56
Q

_______- refers to a transitory experience of tension because of a particular situation.

A

state anxiety

57
Q

a process wherein information about assesses is supplied by the assesses themselves. This information may be obtained in the form of diaries kept by assesses or in the form of responses to oral or written questions or test items.

A

Self-report data

58
Q

one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself

A

self-concept

59
Q

What are the limitations for self-report data?

A

Some assessees may intentionally or unintentionally paint distorted pictures of themselves in self-report measures
Faking good or faking bad

60
Q

refers to a tendency to respond to a test item or interview question in some characteristics manner regardless of the content of the item or question.

A

Response style

61
Q

a subscale of a test designed to assist in judgments regarding how honestly the testtaker responded and whether observed responses were products of response style, carelessness, deliberate efforts, or unintentional misunderstandings.

A

validity scale

62
Q

A term used to describe the attempt to manipulate others’ impressions through “the selective exposure of some info (which may be false)…coupled with suppression of (other) information”.

A

Impression management

63
Q

present oneself in a favorable light

A

socially desirable responding

64
Q

agree with whatever is presented

A

acquiescence

65
Q

disagree with whatever is presented.

A

non-acquiescence

66
Q

make unusual or uncommon responses

A

deviance

67
Q

make extreme, as opposed to middle, ratings on a rating scale

A

extreme

68
Q

guess-or not-when in doubt

A

gambling/cautiousness

69
Q

claim extreme virtue through self-presentation in a superlative manner

A

overly positive

70
Q

a standard on which a judgment or decision can be made.

A

criterion

71
Q

a reference group of testtakers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to test items serve as a standard according to which items will be included in or discarded from the final version of a scale.

A

criterion groups

72
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Construction began in _______.

A

the late 40s

73
Q

MMPI – ____ questions

MMPI 2 –____ questions

A

566

567

74
Q

Scales to help you determine the validity of a profile

A

MMPI validity scales

75
Q

made up of items that reflect minor shortcomings that are common to everyone

A

L (Lie) scale

76
Q

_______– fake good, fake bad scale; made up of items that less than 10% of clinical group endorsed
High = faking bad = over endorsing psychopathology
Low = faking good = under endorsing psychopathology

A

F (Infrequency) scale

77
Q

reflects sophisticated defenses like rationalizations, sublimation, and love

A

K-scale

78
Q

pairs of items similar in content but worded differently

A

Trend scale

79
Q

(Tends to be a person who engages in a lot of vague somatic complaints- complaints that are hard to pin down.) They have somatic issues, but do not meet diagnostic criteria.

A

1 – Hy: Hypochondriasis

80
Q

(Taps into sadness, anhedonia, energy level, interest, bruiting. People that have an elevation on 2 tend to also have an elevation on 7).

A

2 – D: Depression

81
Q

(Over-emotionality, reacts to everything emotionally. A lot of emotional drama with a high 3. Could be attention-seeking. Women are more likely to score high on this scale. 25% of elevations on this scale are male. Could be manipulation.

A

3 – Hs: Histrionic

82
Q

(Some aspects of it is lack of empathy, inability to relate and form relationships with others. Problems with authority or brushings with the law; family problems; general dishonesty; criminality)

A

4 – Pd: Psychopathic Deviance

83
Q

(The extent to which you are male and endorsing female interests, your 5 would go up. And vice versa.

A

5 – Mf: Male/ female

84
Q

(Reflective of suspiciousness, particularly the motives of others. Also has components that tap into a naïve outlook on life that assumes that all the bad things that happen to one are the result of molevenance

A

6 – Pa: Paranoia

85
Q

(neurotic anxiety) (Taps into fear and apprehension; order and control; and the neurotic aspects of anxiety- “I’m afraid I’m not good enough.”)

A

7 – Psy: Psychosthenia

86
Q

(More to do with bizarre cognitions in general. “Can’t pull my shit together to think logically.”)

A

8 – Sc: Schizophrenia

87
Q

(Has to do with overall energy, and things like that will modulate other psychological functioning. High on 9 means they have a lot of energy to engage in activity.

A

9 – HyM: Hypomania

88
Q

(As it goes up, the person is more introverted and as it goes down, the person is more outgoing. More like a need for more social interaction. A high 7 and a high 0 will be more likely with an avoidant personality disorder and they socially withdraw.)

A

0 - SI: Social introversion

89
Q

scales can tap other aspects of personality functions that are not appropriate for other major clinical scales. For ex, several are broken into subscales. Other personality traits are not appropriate for the major clinical scales

A

Supplemental validity

90
Q

______ taps substance abuse tendencies. An empirically derived scale that is not completely valid. Anti social and high on sensation seeking tend to be high on substance abuse.

A

McAndrews scale

91
Q

Child abuse scale has a high rate of _______.

A

false positives

92
Q

where some people express anger in a way that they don’t express their anger and bottle it up until some little thing happens and the person blows up. This scale was normed on a population of convicts in a prison, with the idea that they wanted to identify convicts that were likely to engage in hurting guards.

A

Over controlled hostility scale (OH scale)

93
Q

test responses are deemed to be signs or clues to underlying personality or ability

A

sign approach to viewing test data

94
Q

focuses on the behavior itself; emitted behavior is viewed not as a sign of something but rather as a sample to be interpreted in its own right

A

sample approach to viewing test data

95
Q

The theory of the ________personality testing method is that it is most closely allied with good-type empirical methodologies and experimental psychology.

A

Objective

96
Q

The _____ method of personality testing uses the sign approach.

A

Objective

97
Q

The advantage of the ______method of personality testing is that it is very highly structured and advantage is that it is easy to score and interpret and easy administration as well as good psychometric properties.

A

objective

98
Q

The disadvantage of the ______ method of personality testing is that it is not behavioral, one score for a range a questions and faking is easier.

A

objective

99
Q

What are the test stimuli for the objective method of personality testing?

A

Multiple choice
T/F
Matching
Highly structured items

100
Q

The theory for the ____ method of personality testing is more closely allied with psychoanalytic theory (the idea with this is that people defend their psychological issues)
best way to get around ego defenses and utilize one you provide someone with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to respond to it; because it’s ambiguous it has not particular intentional structure to it; since it’s ambiguous people will project their own structure onto it that comes from their psychological material

A

Projective

101
Q

The _____ method of personality testing uses the sample approach.

A

Projective

102
Q

______ tests are useful because they allow psychologists to assess unconscious aspects of personality. These tests are also not transparent: subjects cannot figure out how their responses will be interpreted. Therefore, subjects cannot easily fake personality traits.

A

Projective

103
Q

A serious disadvantage of ______ is that they have questionable reliability and validity. Despite this flaw, many researchers and clinicians find that such tests give them useful information.

A

Projective tests

104
Q

What are the test stimuli for projective personality testing?

A

Inkblots
Pictures
Drawings
Open-ended questions

105
Q

“form interpretation test” using inkblots as the forms to be interpreted.

A

The Rorschach

106
Q

_____ Rorschach published his monograph on the technique, Psychodiagnostics.

A

1921

107
Q 
The Rorschach consists of:\_\_\_\_\_ bilaterally symmetrical inkblots printed on separate cards
\_\_\_\_are achromatic (without color, or black and white),\_\_\_\_ are black, white, and red, \_\_\_are multicolored
A

10
5
2
3

108
Q

The _____ test uses no test manual or any administration, scoring, or interpretation instructions

A

Rorschach

109
Q

What are some examples of projective personality tests?

A

The Rorschach

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

110
Q

What are some examples of objective personality tests?

A

MMPI

Beck Depression Inventory

111
Q

Concept of _________ refers to the fact that the left hemisphere the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. Left side of the brain gets damaged, you will often see a right side paralysis (can be partial)

A

Contralateral control

112
Q

______is where there is actual tissue damage

A

organic

113
Q

______is when whatever ability you are observing has been influenced by psychological factors.

A

Functional

114
Q

neurological lesions that are physical or chemical in nature

A

Focal and Diffuse lesions

115
Q

_____ lesions are relatively circumscribed at one site

A

focal

116
Q

_____ lesions are scattered at various sites

A

diffuse

117
Q

an indicator of definite neurological deficit
Abnormal reflex performance is an example
Directly observable

A

Hard sign

118
Q

indicator that is merely suggestive of neurological deficit.

A

Soft signs

119
Q

consist of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

120
Q

consist of the neurons that convey messages to and from the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

121
Q

_________ is responsible for processing language

A

Left Hemisphere

122
Q

_______ is responsible for temporospacial. Also processes things like aesthetics, music, art, etc.

A

Right Hemisphere

123
Q

A bundle of fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere of the brain.

A

Corpus Collosum

124
Q

_____allows one brain structure to serve different functions and different brain structures to serve the same function.

A

Plural potentiality

125
Q

You can get two people with brain damage in the exact same spot and have different deficits, and you can get two people with brain damage in different places but with the same deficits. This is an example of _______.

A

Plural potentiality

126
Q

______– psychological analog to physical exam.

A

Mental status exam

127
Q

_____ measures logical memory, memory of faces (visual), auditory, and spacial functions

A

WMS (Weschler memory scale)

128
Q

______ measures IQ or intellectual ability

A

WAIS

Psychological Measurement (2 decks)

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