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Psychological Influences on Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the direct pathway between psychological factors and health?

A

Psychological factors directly affect physical health

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2
Q

What is the indirect pathway between psychological factors and physical health?

A

Psychological factors impact health behaviour which impacts physical health

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3
Q

What are the leading causes of disease?

A

1) Behaviour (50%)
2) Biology and environment (20%)
3) Access (10%)

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4
Q

What is behaviour?

A

The actions or reactions of an individual to a situation

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5
Q

What is health behaviour?

A

Behaviour that may have implications for health

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6
Q

What were the leading causes for death in the US in 2000?

A

1) Tobacco use
2) Poor diet and physical activity
3) Alcohol consumption

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7
Q

What can people engage in to prevent death?

A

Not smoking

Being physically active

Only drinking alcohol moderately

Eating 5 portions of fruit and veg a day

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8
Q

How much more likely are people to die if they do not do any of the following:

not smoke

be physically active

drink alcohol moderately

eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day

A

4x

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9
Q

What are the different parts of the BMI?

A

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

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10
Q

What BMI is underweight?

A

<18.5

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11
Q

What BMI is normal weight?

A

18.5-24.9

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12
Q

What BMI is overweight?

A

25-29.9

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13
Q

What BMI is obese?

A

>30

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14
Q

Is obesity improving or not?

A

Becoming a worse problem

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15
Q

What are some behaviour risk factors for chronic disease?

A

Smoking

Overweight

Poor diet

Lack of physical activity

Excessive alcohol consumption

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16
Q

What diseases is smoking linked to?

A

Cardiovascular disease (such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke)

COPD

Some cancers

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17
Q

What diseases is being overweight linked to?

A

Cardiovascular disease

Type 2 diabetes

Some cancers

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18
Q

What is a poor diet?

A

High saturated fat

Low fibre

Low fruit and veg

High salt

High red/processed meat

Low fish

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19
Q

What diseases is a poor diet linked to?

A

Obesity

Type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular disease

Some cancers

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20
Q

What is considered to be a lack of physical activity?

A

<30 mins moderate intensity activity on 5+ days per week

or

<20 mins vigorous intensity activity on 3+ days per week

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21
Q

What is considered to be excessive alcohol consumption?

A

>14 units for women per week

>21 units for men per week

Binge drinking is 6 units for women or 8 for men on one occasion

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22
Q

What diseases is excessive alcohol consumption linked to?

A

Obesity

Liver disease

Cardiovascular disease

Some cancers

Diabetes

Oesteoporosis

Pancreitis

Psychiatric disorders

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23
Q

What are some determinants of health behaviour?

A

Background factors

Stable factors

Social factors

Situational factors

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24
Q

What are background factors?

A

Characteristics that define the context in which people live their lives

25
What are stable factors?
Individual differences (personality) in psychological activity that are stable over time
26
What are the 3 ways that stable factors influence appraisal?
Determine if, and to what extent and even is salient, meaning the sensitivity towards particular types of events Provide a generalised framework for understanding and evaluating the event, such as a threat or challenge Make available or suggest potential responses such as initial response options
27
What are the 3 broad types of individual differences?
Emotional dispositions (psychological processes involved in both the experience and expression) Generalised expectancies (psychological processes incolved in formulating expectations in relation to future outcomes) Explanatory styles (psychological processes involved in explaining the causes of negative events)
28
What are emotional dispositions?
Psychological process involved in both the experience and expression
29
What does appraisal mean?
Understanding
30
What are examples of emotional dispositions?
Negative affect (tendency toward the experience of negative affective states such as hostility, depression and anxiety) Emotional expression (the low expression of negative emotional experience, but unconscious repression and conscious suppresion)
31
What is negative affect?
Tendency towards the experience of negative affective states such as hostility, depression and anxiety
32
What does negative affect lead to?
Appraisal bias for heightened arousal and increased frequency
33
What is emotional expression?
The low expression of negative emotional experience, but unconscious repression and conscious suppresion
34
What does emotional expression lead to?
Appraisal bias for neutralising threat or extreme intensity, both leading to maladaptive responses
35
What is generalised expectancies?
Psychological processes involved in formulating expectations in relation to future outcomes
36
What are examples of generalised expectancies?
Locus of control (expectations that future outcomes will be determined by factors that are either internal or external) Self-efficacy (belief in one's own ability to organise and execute a course of action and the expectation that the action will result in or lead to the desired outcome)
37
What is locus of control?
Expectations that future outcomes will be determined by factors that are either internal or external
38
What is locus of control associated with?
Favourable outcomes and performance of health behaviours, but very dependent situational factors
39
What is self-efficacy?
Belief in one's on ability to organise and execute a course of action and the expectation that the action will result in or lead to the desired outcome
40
What does self-efficacy lead to?
Appraisal bias for challenge rather than threat and expectation of success
41
What are explanatory styles?
Psychological processes involved in explaining the causes of negative events
42
What are different kinds of explanatory styles?
Optimism (expectation of positive future outcome despite current negative event) Attributional style (casual explanations of negative evens as internal (self), stable (time) and global (location)
43
What is optimism?
Expectation of positive future outcome despite current negative event
44
What does optimism lead to?
Appraisal bias for brief low levels of physiological reactivity and promoting active coping responses Associated with better physical health, illness recovery and health behaviour performace
45
What is attributional style?
Casual explanations of negative events as internal, stable and global
46
What are social factors?
Social connections in the immediate environment, mostly stable but can be fragile
47
What are situational factors?
Appraisal of personal relevance that shapes responses in a specific situation
48
What does our understanding (appraisal) determine in most situations?
Our behaviour
49
What self-efficacy in 3 words?
Ability to change
50
What does self-efficacy underpin?
Goal setting Effort investment Persistance in face of barriers Recovery from setbacks
51
What attempts to explain the relationship between social cognitions and behaviour?
Social cognition theories
52
What do social cognition theories do?
Try to explain the relationship between social cognitions (beliefs, attitudes, goals etc) and behaviour
53
What are examples of social cognition theories?
Health Belief Model Theory of Planned Behaviour Transtheoretical Model
54
What are examples of social cognitions?
Beliefs Attitudes Goals
55
What do commercial organisations use to change behaviour?
Psychological knowledge
56
What are examples of NICE principles interventions and programmes aimed at populations?
Fiscal and legislative interventions National and local advertising and mass media campaigns Point of sale promotions and interventions
57
How do NICE interventions and programmes target communities?
Support organisations and institutions that offer opportunities for local people Planning and delivery of services Promote reilience and build skills
58
How do NICE interventions and programmes target individuals?
Feel positive about the benefit of health Plan their changes in terms of easy steps over time Recognise how their social contexts and relationships may affect their behaviour Plan coping strategies to prevent relapse

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