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Z - Psychology - Gender > Psychological Explanation > Flashcards

Psychological Explanation Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Kohlbergs constancy theory suggest?

A

That children go through a series of stages in their understanding of gender which is linked to the ways in which their thinking and mental processes in general are developed

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2
Q

How do children progress through each stage of Kohlbergs theory?

A

Naturally, it happens as their brains mature and they self-socialise themselves

(Self-socialise important term)

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3
Q

What are the stages in Kohlbergs gender constancy theory?

A

Gender identity
Gender stability
Gender constancy

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4
Q

At what age to children pass the gender identity stage?

A

2-3

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5
Q

What stage do children go through at ages 2-3?

A

Gender identity

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6
Q

At what age do children pass through the gender stability stage?

A

3-7

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7
Q

What stage to children pass at age 3-7?

A

Gender stability

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8
Q

At what age do children go through the gender constancy stage?

A

7-12

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9
Q

Which stage do children go through at age 7-12?

A

Gender constancy

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10
Q

What happens in the gender identity stage?

A

Children recognise their sex
They have a limited understanding of what it means to be a boy or girl but they don’t understand that gender is fixed
Both genders start to do things little boys would do

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11
Q

What is an example of something a child going through the gender identity stage would say?

A

“That is a boy, that is a girl”

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12
Q

What happens in the gender stability stage?

A

They become aware that gender is fixed but get confused by other gender-related situations
They tend to work with outward appearances e.g a woman puts on a firefighter outfit they may think she becomes make

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13
Q

What happens in the gender constancy stage?

A

They understand that gender is fixed and remains constant across situations - clothes and situations don’t alter gender
They will now start to behave in a consistently sex-typed manner
Begin to seek out others of their gender (self-socialisation)

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14
Q

What is an example of something a child going through the gender constancy stage would say?

A

Answe

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15
Q

What is an example of something a child going through the gender identity stage would say?

A

What is an example of something a child going through the gender identity stage would say?

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16
Q

What are the psychological explanation?

A

Kohlbergs gender constancy theory

Gender scheme theory

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17
Q

What is Kohlbergs theory of gender developing in stages built upon?

A

Piagets cognitive developmental theory

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18
Q

What does Piaget’s theory state?

A

That as a child matures biologically they also mature in their internal thought processes. They only understand complex concepts when the brain has developed enough to cope with the complex processing required

Without conversation they would not pass the constancy stage

You cannot coach a child to progress each stage

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19
Q

What research supports Kohlbergs theory?

A

Munroe
McConaghy
Campbell et al

20
Q

What were Munroe’s findings?

A

That children from lots of different cultures went through the three stages of gender development in the same way Kohlbergs describes

21
Q

How do Munroe’s findings support Kohlbergs theory?

A

They shoe that the biological development of the brain must affect gender development and not just the environment we are brought up in

22
Q

What were McConaghy’s findings?

A

Children under the age of 5 judged the doll to be female even though male genitals were visible through the dress

23
Q

How do McConaghy’s findings support Kohlbergs theory?

A

It suggests children cannot differentiate between the ‘outward appearances’ and evident biological sex which is parallel to the gender stability stage of Kohlbergs theory

24
Q

What were Campbell et als findings?

A

That boys at 9 months and girls at 18 months preferred sex-typed toys

25
Q

How do Campbell et als findings oppose Kohlbergs theory?

A

You would not expect children to be playing with sex type toys because according to Kohlbergs theory you do not go through this stage until the ages of 7-12.

26
Q

What debate is relevant to Kohlbergs theory?

A

Nature nurture

27
Q

Explain the nature nurture debate in relation to Kohlbergs theory…

A

Gender behaviour is reliant on biological maturation of the brain, so nature is partly responsible for development of gender through the 3 stages. Influence from nurture as to how that thinking develops and what behaviours are adopted by the children is a result of outside influences on gender. Acceptable ‘boy’ behaviours will be different in different environments, likewise for ‘girl’ behaviours

28
Q

What does the gender scheme theory state?

A

That the key to gender development is acquiring information about our own gender. That this process happens before Kohlbergs gender constancy stage.
Basic gender identity (age 2-3) is enough for a child to identify themselves as a boy/girl and take an interest in appropriate behaviours

29
Q

At what age does the gender schema theory state basic gender identity happens?

A

Age 2-3

30
Q

How does gender scheme theory differ from kholbergs theory?

A

The gender schema theory claims we acquire new information about our gender before Kohlbergs stage of gender constancy

31
Q

What is a schema?

A

An organised cluster of information about gender-appropriate behaviour

32
Q

What happens as soon as children become aware of gender identity?

A

They will begin to develop a boy or girl scheme

33
Q

How do children’s schemes increase?

A

From interactions with people, such as parents whom often have predetermined ideas of how they want to behave and will encourage such behaviours.
They learn about what toys, clothes and jobs are appropriate for their gender

34
Q

Which schema’s are children most interested in?

A

Their own

35
Q

What is an in-group schema?

A

The schema for the child’s own gender

36
Q

What do children do from a young age in relation to schema’s?

A

Focus on in-group schemes and avoid behaviours that belong to out-group schema’s

37
Q

What is an out-group schema?

A

The schema for the opposite gender

38
Q

What are children’s schema’s resilient to?

A

Change

39
Q

How do children demonstrate resilience to change their gender schema’s?

A

They ignore information they encounter which is not consistent with in-group information

40
Q

Why do children have fixed views about gender according to the gender schema theory?

A

Because their schemes are resilient to change and they will ignore information which is not consider with their in-group information

41
Q

What is an example of gender schema resilience?

A

If a big sees a film with a male nurse this information will be ignored because the man is not behaving consistently with the in-group schema

42
Q

What studies are relevant to gender schema theory?

A

Bradbard et al

Bauer

43
Q

What were Bradbard et al’s findings?

A

Children aged 4-9 spent more time playing with toys they had been told were appropriate for their gender. A week later they remember which objects were for boys and which were for girls

44
Q

What does Bradbard et al’s study illustrate?

A

The children had added the toys to their male/female schemas

45
Q

What were Bauer’s findings?

A

Boys grasp and make use of gender schema’s before girls. Boys as young as 25 months only paid attention to gender consistent information they were showed. Whereas girls remembered and paid attention to consistent, inconsistent and neutral information

46
Q

What debate is relevant to gender schema theory?

A

Nature and nurture

47
Q

Explain the nature nurture debate in relation to gender scheme theory…

A

It support the development of gender as an interaction of nature and nurture. The nature aspects of this is the schema’s and that all humans are able to develop schema’s. Some schema’s are innate for example babies develop schema’s for different things they learn such as what flies in the air. However, content of schemas is environmentally determined which is nurture - so what constitutes make or female behaviour will develop according to societal and

Z - Psychology - Gender (6 decks)

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