Psychological disorders Flashcards
Define abnormalities
abnormal behaviour is behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional and or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive. (distressing self/others, violates social norms, dysfunctional for person or society).
Factors that might contribute to development of a psychological disorder?
Trauma, stress, environment, childhood trauma, neglect, drugs, genetics, attachment types, abuse etc.
Vulnerability stress model
each of us has some degree of vulnerability for developing a psychological disoders, can be biological, environmental, social and or cultural. Disorder is created when triggered by a stressor
Predisposing factor
any factors that put the person at rick of developing a psychological disorder. Genetics, SES, temperament, personality
Precipitating factor
specific events that have triggered the event. Can be negative/positive, any big life events that have a lot of change, can cause mental illness, drug use/alcohol use.
Perpetuating factor
help to maintain the disorder once it is developed, continue to aide the disorders. self destructive behaviour patterns, maladaptive coping strategies
Protective factors
prevents or reduce the disorder, the strengths, help promote positive aspects. Level of resilience, insight
what is a Mental status examination
is a method of organising and evaluating clinical observations relating to mental status or condition. - Objectively evaluate patients behaviour, identify signs of illness, characterize changes in illness course
MSE affect
- observation of their current mood state right in the moment
MSE mood
when you ask the client how they have been feeling, their perception of their mood state, over past week
MSE attitude
how are they reacting to meeting you, how motivated they are to get help
MSE behaviour
eye contact, facial expression, reserved, or open
MSE Appearance
notice about the way that they look physically, personal hygiene
MSE perception
are they experience hallucinations, derealization- perception of the world changes to the extent that it seems surreal/separation from your surroundings, depersonalization- detachment from ones self, out of body experience.
MSE memory/intelligence
do they seem to have problems with memory
MSE orientation/ consciousness
are they aware of when, where, who they are
MSE judgement/insight
ability to make sound decisions, problem solve and insight is whether they realise there is an issue/ what going on
MSE speech/thought
is their speech fast slow, normal, is their lack of speech, low high volume,
MSE Thought
assess their logic, do they have irrational beliefs, grandeur, religious, suicidal
Anxiety components have four components?
1 subjective-emotional component including feelings of fear and apprehension,
2 cognitive components, including worrisome thoughts and a sense of inability to cope,
3 physiological responses including increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, rapid breathing, nausea or dry mouth,
4 behavioral responses, such as avoidance of certain situations and impaired performance on other tasks
In an anxiety and related disorders, the frequency and intensity of the anxiety are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them.
Anxiety is at the root of other disorders?
PTSD Obsessive compulsive disorder generalised anxiety disorder social phobia agoraphobia panic disorder
what do somantic symptoms and related disorders involve?
, involve complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical problem but which do not always have a known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person. – one of the most interesting disorders is conversion disorder, in which serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation or blindness, suddenly appear, researches discovered the largest known civilian group of people in the world with trauma-induced blindness were Cambodian refugees who escaped their country, survivors of the “killing fields”, more than 150 became blind, even though their eyes appeared intact and electrophysiological monitoring showed that visual stimuli registered in their visual cortex.
dissociative disorders involve?
a breakdown of normal personality integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity.
Dissociative amnesia?
a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
Dissociative fugue?
a more powerful dissociative state in which a person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up her or his customary life, wanders to a new faraway location and establishes a new identity. Usually triggered by a highly stressful event or trauma.
- Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (formally called multiple personality disorder)
two or more personalities coexist in the same person. Mental health workers and researchers have reported dramatic differences among the alternate peronalitites, including physical health differences, voice changesm and right- left handedness, some have severe allergies with one personality then no reaction with the other.
According to Frank Putnam DIDs is caused from?
in response to severe stress, majority being frequently physically and sexually abuse during childhood.
Mood refers to
long-lasting emotional state that influences our perception of the world, good moods=happy and bad moods=feeling isolated and alone. Both positive and negative mood become pathological when they start to affect out ability to learn, work and function (depression/bipolar dosorders).
what does Depression involve?
intense state of sadness and or lack of ability to feel positive emotion, that leave individual unable to function effectively in their lives. core feature is negative mood state. Emotionally sadness, hopless, misery, inability to enjoy; cognitive, negative cognitions about self, world and future; motivational, loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty staritng anything; somantic, loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain
What does Bipolar disorder invlove?
an umbrella term for a group of disorders where individual experience alternating period of depressive and manic states
bipolar 1?
has two states between depression and a manic state (grandeurs ideas and self belief)
Bipolar 2?
goes between the two state like bipolar 1 but the two states are less severe
Cyclothymia is? bipolar realated…
still fluctuating between with highs and lows but not at intense as bipolar I and 2.
what is involved in a manic state?
Manic, elevated mood, increase activity, less need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thought, extreme distractibility, sexual indiscretions, shopping sprees, risky business ventures
Psychotic disorders involve?
Loss of contact with reality and bizarre behaviours and experiences, emotional over reactivity may be vulnerability factor, schizophrenia, delusional disorder
features and causes associated with schizophrenia?
Results in severe disturbances in speech, thinking, perception, emotion and behaviour, typically misperceive reality, 1% of population, worldwide, impact upon motor, cognitive, behavioral and perceptual abilities, severe social, personal and vocational functioning
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms) things that add..
hallucinations- auditory, visual, sensory, gustatory and olfactory
delusions- grandeur, persecution, Capgras syndrome (imposter), thought insertion, ideas of reference, control
disorganized speech, tangentiality, loose association, word salad, clanging, flight of ideas
Schizophrenia (negative symptom) lack of something…
avolition, complete lack of motivation
alogia, diminished speech
anhedonia, cannot feel happiness
affective flattening, lack or loss of emotional expressiveness
catatonia, unusual behaviour patterns (complete lack of movement)
what are the characteristics of a personality disorder?
Involve rigid, maladaptive patterns of cognition, feelings and behaviour that persist over long period of time
What are the three clusters that highlight the predominate personality train in personality disorders?
dramatic/impulsive, anxious/fearful,
odd/eccentric
anti-social personality disorder is?
falls under Dramatic/ impulsive cluster; characterized by lack of conscience, exhibiting little anxiety or guilt, and failure to comply with social norms, tend to be impulsive, deceitful and irresponsible, substance abuse is common 60%, formerly know as psychopathy or sociopathy, majority diagnosed are male.
APD cluster 1?
Glibness/superficial charm, grandiose self-worth, pathological lying, conning/manipulating, lack of remorse/ guilt, callous/lack of empathy
APD cluster 2?
impulsivity, instability and social deviance
Borderline personality disorder characteristics?
- Falls under the dramatic/impulsive cluster
- Severe instability in behaviour, emotion, self-identity and interpersonal relationships
- Core feature is emontioanl dysregulation
- Associated with mood disorders, PTSD and bubstance abuse
- Occurs in 2% of the population
- Two thirds of individual diagnosed are women
- Identity; lack of strong sense of self, fear of being alone, intense fear of abandonment, manipulative or controlling
- Affective disturbance; depression, anxiety, anger, neurotic
- Impulstivity; sexual promiscuity, aggression, bulimia, self-mutilation
neurodevelopmental disorders?
characterized by neurodevelopmental defects that interfere with the child`s personal, social, or academic functioning
Usually manifest at a young age, generally before a child starts school, or soon after
What is ASD? and symptoms?
ADS- involves impairment in social communication/interaction and restricted, repetitive patters of behaviour, interest, and activities
- Spectrum indicated that the disorder rages from mild social eccentricities to severe social and intellectual impairment.
- Social; lack of joint attention, abnormal eye gaze, difficulty imitating, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, social anxiety
- Language; reduced vocalisation, abnormal prosody, echolalia, pronoun reversal, neologism, difficulty understanding idioms (bark up the wrong tree saying)
- Behaviour; obsessional interest, preoccupation with small details, tics, involuntary movements, sensory hypo or hyper-sensitivity to sensory experiences
Scientific issues with diagnosis?
To be scientifically and practically useful, a classification system must meet standards of diagnostic reliability and validity. Reliability means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions. Because professionals with different types and amounts of training— including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers and doctors—make diagnostic decisions, the system should be couched in terms of observable behaviours that can be reliably detected in order to minimise subjective judgements. Validity means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders. Thus, if research shows that a given disorder has four behavioural characteristics, the diagnostic category for that disorder should also have those four features. Moreover, the diagnostic categories should allow us to differentiate one psychological disorder from another.
Social and personal consequences?
Once a diagnostic label is attached to a person, it becomes all too easy to accept the label as an accurate description of the individual rather than of the behaviour. It then becomes difficult to look at the person’s behaviour objectively, without preconceptions about how he or she will act. It is also likely to affect how others will interact with that person. Consider how you might react if you were told that your new next-door neighbour had been diagnosed as a paedophile. It would be surprising indeed if this label did not influence your perceptions and interactions with that person, whether or not the label was accurate. Diagnostic labels may also add to the burden of psychological disorders if the person with the disorder or others react negatively to the labels
