Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The Four D’s

Answer 1

Deviance > It refers to behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are not in line with generally accepted standards.
Distress > refers to behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering, or sorrow
Dysfunctional > behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are disruptive to one’s regular routine or interfere with day-to-day functioning.
Dangerous > behaviors, thoughts, and feelings may lead to harm or injury to self or others.

Question 2

Stigma

Answer 2

Refers to disapproval, poor treatment, discrimination, or isolation due to being different

Question 3

Dorothea Dix

Answer 3

Advocated for more humane treatment of the insane, a now antiquated term for mental illness. As a result of her lobbying, states began to fund specialized institutions to house and treat individuals with psychological disorders.

Question 4

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 4

The goals of deinstitutionalization were to reduce admissions to psychiatric hospitals, shorten lengths of stay, and improve the treatment that admitted individuals received.

Question 5

Person-first Language

Answer 5

Referring to an individual as a person with schizophrenia instead of a schizophrenic implies that the individual is, in fact, a person and possesses attributes in addition to a condition.​

Question 6

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Answer 6

The DSM helps clinicians, researchers, health insurance agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and forensic experts make consistent and objective decisions about defining, diagnosing, and treating abnormal behaviors across a variety of clinical settings.

Question 7

Major Changes to DSM-5

Answer 7

• organization of the manual, which reflects the lifespan.
• changes to diagnostic categories, including more streamlined categories of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
• new editions of the DSM will be noted by Arabic rather than Roman numerals

Question 8

What describes the DSM-5?

Answer 8

A classification system of psychological disorders
A guide to diagnosing psychological disorders
A system for billing treatment of psychological disorders

Question 9

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Answer 9

This group of disorders is marked by impairments and deficits in multiple aspects of a child’s life, including academic ability, social functioning, and behavioral problems. These children are often delayed in reaching milestones for speech and language, motor skills, and learning.

Question 10

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 10

Characterized by significant social, emotional, behavioral, and communication impairments. Some children with ASD may not be interested in interacting with other people and can be hypersensitive to touch.
include repetitive movements (rocking the body back and forth), insistence on a routine (eating the same food every day, distress when the schedule is not followed), intense preoccupation with a particular interest (fixation on a specific topic, like dinosaurs), and hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input (adverse responses to specific sounds or smells, excessive touching of objects).

Question 11

Schizophrenia

Answer 11

Individuals with these disorders seem to have lost touch with reality and have a hard time thinking clearly, making good judgments, and communicating effectively.

Question 12

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 12

Positive psychotic symptoms are behaviors that were not present before the onset of the disorder (delusions are strong beliefs that are not founded in reality, disorganized thinking, can typically be discerned from a person’s speech and may entail switching from one topic to another in a nonsensical way or speaking in a jumbled, incoherent fashion.

Question 13

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 13

Negative psychotic symptoms are behaviors typically observed in healthy individuals that an individual experiencing psychosis does not do. Diminished emotional expression, also known as flat affect, is reduced expression of emotions through facial expressions, tone of voice, or body language.
Other negative symptoms include avolition, a decreased motivation to start or follow-through on activities such as school, work, or self-care, and alogia, a reduction in speech output.

Question 14

Bipolar Disorders

Answer 14

Two opposite extremes, such as freezing and scorching or greedy and generous. The previous name for bipolar disorder, manic-depressive disorder, reflects the characteristic highs and lows

Question 15

Manic Episode of Bipolar

Answer 15

A distinct period of increased energy and activity and may include psychotic symptoms. During this time, an individual may need less sleep, talk excessively, have a hard time focusing, and engage in impulsive behaviors

Question 16

Depressive Episode of Bipolar

Answer 16

Marked by sad mood and loss of interest or pleasure

Question 17

Hypomania (Bipolar Disorder II)

Answer 17

Hypomania is a less intense experience of mania that features the same increased energy and activity levels without the same impairment in functioning (more impairment)

Question 18

Depressive Disorders

Answer 18

Feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and irritability are key features of the depressive disorders

Question 19

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 19

Characterized by either sad mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable; may exhibit diminished appetite, weight loss, or excessive sleepiness throughout the day. Physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive problems, agitation, and lethargy, are also common

Question 20

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 20

Fear is a response to current threats, while anxiety is worry about future threats; related to thoughts of future danger, cautious or avoidant behaviors, and muscle tension.

Question 21

Agoraphobia

Answer 21

An anxiety disorder in which an individual fears or avoids certain places or situations; the individual may report feeling trapped, helpless, or embarrassed.

Question 22

Obsessive-compulsive Disorders

Answer 22

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by preoccupations, rituals, and repetitive behaviors. Obsessions refer to recurrent unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, fears, urges, or images, while compulsions are behaviors that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

Question 23

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Answer 23

Individuals respond to trauma and stress vary and can include fear, shock, denial, social withdrawal, anger, aggression, dissociation, or a combination of these symptoms.

Question 24

PTSD

Answer 24

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop as the result of an individual experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event

Question 25

Symptoms of PTSD

Answer 25

Re-experiencing symptoms: Flashbacks (reliving the trauma over and over), nightmares, or involuntary disturbing thoughts about the traumatic event.

Avoidance symptoms: Staying away from people, places, situations, or objects that serve as reminders of the traumatic event.

Cognitive and mood symptoms: Inability to remember important features of the traumatic event; negative thoughts about oneself, others, or the world; persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame; inability to feel happy, satisfied, or loved.

Arousal and reactivity symptoms: Constantly feeling tense or edgy; being easily startled; irritable behavior and angry outbursts; difficulty sleeping.

Question 26

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 26

Dissociative disorders involve disruption in an individual’s memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behavior. Dissociation can also affect physical sensations and motor control

Question 27

Positive Dissociative Symptoms

Answer 27

Positive dissociative symptoms include feelings of disconnection from one’s body (depersonalization), feelings that one’s surroundings are not real (derealization), or fragmentation of identity. An individual may feel as if they are outside their body or that they are separated from the rest of the world by a fog

Question 28

Negative Dissociative Symptoms

Answer 28

Negative dissociative symptoms are experienced as loss of memory or mental function. These symptoms can be experienced as inability to recall personal information, important life events, or significant people in one’s life

Question 29

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Answer 29

Refers to something that is specifically related to the body and not the mind; characterized by an intense focus on symptoms of physical illness or pain; Somatic symptoms and related disorders are typically uncovered in a medical setting, as individuals tend to seek out medical care when they experience illness or injury

Question 30

Factitious Disorder (Type of Somatic)

Answer 30

A condition in which individuals knowingly and deliberately cause themselves to be physically ill or injured. An individual may purposely expose themselves to illness or injury, exaggerate their symptoms to appear sicker than they actually are, or even tamper with medical tests or results. Imposed on oneself or another.

Question 31

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Answer 31

Feeding disorders tend to be seen in infants and children, while eating disorders usually have onset in adolescence and adulthood

Question 32

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 32

​Binge eating disorder is most prevalent among individuals seeking to lose weight and is characterized by eating an abnormally large amount of food in a short period of time; , a person with BED will not engage in compensatory behaviors such as purging, exercising, or taking a laxative

Question 33

Personality Disorders

Answer 33

Indicates an enduring pattern of characteristics, beliefs, and behaviors that are drastically different from the expectations of the individual’s society and lead to distress and impairment. Daily stressors may seem insurmountable, and frustration is intensified by the feeling that others do not understand or appreciate their situation

Question 34

Cluster A: Odd and Eccentric Behaviors

Personality Disorder

Answer 34

These personality disorders are characterized by social awkwardness, social withdrawal, and distorted thinking. Disorders in this cluster are diagnostically similar to schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Ex. Paranoid personality disorder

Question 35

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic Behaviors

Answer 35

This cluster of personality disorders is marked by problems with impulse control, moral reasoning, and the ability to regulate emotions (Turner, Sebastian, & Tüscher, 2017). Individuals have difficulty relating to others, following social conventions, and may disregard rules, laws, and the feelings of others.
Ex. Borderline Personality DIsorder

Question 36

Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful Behaviors

Answer 36

Personality disorders in this cluster are typified by shy, nervous, insecure, and overly cautious behaviors. These disorders are thought to be less impairing than Cluster A or B personality disorders.
Ex. Obsessive compulsive Disorder

Question 37

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 37

The central feature of borderline personality disorder is instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion This Cluster B personality disorder is characterized by intense emotions and moods that can change quickly. In fact, a key characteristic of borderline personality disorder is black-and-white thinking, in which people and situations are perceived as all good or all bad.

Question 38

Prevalence Rate

Answer 38

Is a measure epidemiologists use to determine how many individuals are affected by a health condition in a given time period, and these data provide information about the impact of health conditions on overall public health.

Question 39

The Biopsychosocial Model (a cause of disorders)

Answer 39

• Suggests that there is not one single factor or event that precipitates a psychological disorder. Rather, it is the complex interactions of a person’s biological makeup, psychological experiences, and social environment that determine their risk for a psychological disorder.
• The biological aspect of the model accounts for the roles of illness, injury, physiology, and genetics.
• The social component of the model includes influences from factors like family, culture, socioeconomic status, and religion.