Psychological Disorders Flashcards
How is PDD defined by the DSM-5?
Mild, chronic depression for 2 years or more without remission for more than 2 months.
How long must symptoms be expressed for in MDD?
2 weeks
What are the four common features in defining abnormal psychology?
Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger.
The family resemblances approach to psychological abnormality is defined by statistical infrequencies in…?
Unexpectedness of response, norms violation, personal distress, disabling.
What are the five models of mental disorder (that contribute to Tyrer & Steinberg’s integrated model)?
Biological, Behavioural, Cognitive, Psychoanalytic, and Social.
Are the behavioural and cognitive models considered to be good or bad explanatory models for mental disorder?
They are considered poor explanatory models. e.g. for the cognitive model, does negative thinking cause the disorder or is it the other way around?
What is transferance?
Important feelings of a patient manifesting as emotional reactions to therapist. A central tenet of the psychoanalytic model of mental disorder.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning is learning through association (e.g. Pavlov’s dog), whereas operant conditioning is learning through consequences (e.g. Skinner’s reinforcers and punishers).
What are the most influential social factors on mental disorder, according to the social model?
Social class, occupational status, and social role.
How is the stress-vulnerability model defined?
Predisposition to mental disorder (on any level within integrated model) is triggered by environmental or life disturbance.
The behavioural approach towards depression describes an issue in…?
Learned helplessness- failure to learn that responding can be successful, as responding has not been successful in the past. Perceived uncontrollability of aversive stimuli.
Operant and classical conditioning are treatments within which approach to depression?
Behavioural.
What are the 3 attributes contributing to learned helplessness in the cognitive approach?
- Internal (inherent personal failing)
- Stable (will persist over time)
- Global (will persist over different situations)
What is the negative cognitive triad?
Pessimistic views of self, world and future, that are rooted in childhood schemata. Described by Aaron Beck’s Depressive Attributional Style.
What are the 4 stages of CBT for depression?
- Educate (relationships between cognition, emotion and behaviour)
- Behavioural activation/Pleasant event scheduling (increase engagement and activity)
- Cognitive rehearsal (develop/practice cognitive and behavioural coping strategies)
- Behavioural hypothesis testing (test the validity of negative assumptions)
Depression rooted in early losses and ambivalent feelings, resulting in dependency and a sense of helplessness, is the view of which approach?
Psychoanalytic.
Which of these is not a risk factor for depression in women as described by the social approach:
- Sleep disturbance
- 3 or more young children
- No serious religious commitment
- Unsupportive relationship with spouse
- Sleep disturbance. This is a somatic symptom of depression.
Which of these is not an anxiety disorder according to the DSM-5?
- Selective Mutism
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder (it is under the category of ‘OCD & Related Disorders’)
For how long must diffuse anxiety be present before someone can be diagnosed with GAD?
3 months
> 1 month of persistent concern about panic attacks, or significant maladaptive change in relation to attacks, is a sign of which anxiety disorder?
Panic Disorder
The DSM-5 has separated OCD from the anxiety disorder category. In what way might anxiety be considered in OCD?
Anxiety inferred: anxiety may not be experienced by the patient but may be concluded as an underlying feature that explains the symptoms.
What is the difference between obsession and compulsion?
Obsession is intrusive, recurring thoughts, images or urges, whereas compulsion is the irresistible impulse to engage in a behaviour.
Which behavioural treatment may be described as learned relaxation and increased exposure to a stimulus whilst maintaining a relaxed state? (Wolpe, 1958)
Systematic Desensitisation
Some phobias may not be based on trauma and therefore can not be explained through classical conditioning. What theory does Seligman (1971) use to explain this?
Preparedness theory: some phobias are ancestral, having been learnt through classical conditioning in previous generations. There must, therefore, be an element of cognitive change.
