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Psych 101 - Final Exam > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bio-psycho-social Perspective

A

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

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2
Q

Anxiety disorder symptoms

A

Constantly on edge, insomnia, sweating, pounding heart, shortness of breath, fears remain even though the outcome is impossible, and avoid everyday activities because of anxiety

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3
Q

GAD

A

Constant, low level anxiety, no specific trigger or stimulus, Freud referred to this as “free floating” anxiety

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4
Q

GAD symptoms

A

Autonomic arousal, restlessness, feeling on edge, difficulty concentrating/mind going blank, irritabilitability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances

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5
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Condition develops when person avoids spaces or situations associated with anxiety.

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6
Q

The Learning Perspective

A

Behaviourists - fear conditioning leads to anxiety.

This anxiety is associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced.

*Fear responses can be learned through observational learning.

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7
Q

OCD

A

High levels of serotonin, low levels of GABA

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8
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Sometimes called unipolar or clinical depression. Lasts for more than two weeks, not caused by drugs or medical conditions.

Signs include:

  1. Lethargy and tiredness
  2. Feelings of worthlessness
  3. Loss of interest in family and friends
  4. Loss of interest in activities
  5. Suicidal thoughts
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9
Q

Cycle of Depression

A
  1. Stressful experiences
  2. Negative explanatory style
  3. Depressed mood
  4. Cognitive and behavioural changes
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10
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  1. Disorganized and delusional thinking
  2. Disturbed perceptions
  3. Inappropriate emotions and actions
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11
Q

Schizophrenic positive symptoms

A

Inappropriate symptoms not present in normal individuals - hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways.

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12
Q

Schizophrenic negative symptoms

A

Schizophrenics have the absence of appropriate symptoms present in normal individuals - apathy (resist lack of thinking or emotion), expressionless faces, rigid bodies

The absence of things present in most people. This includes things such as facial expressions, emotional response, and interest in the world.

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13
Q

Chronic Schizophrenia

A

When schizophrenia is slow to develop, recovery is doubtful. Usually display negative symptoms.

Treat with atypical antipsychotics - Clorazil

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14
Q

Acute Schizophrenia

A

When schizophrenia develops rapidly, chance of recovery is better. Usually show positive symptoms.

Treat with classic antipsychotics - Thorazine

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15
Q

Schizophrenia and dopamine

A

High levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain

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16
Q

Schizophrenia and brain activity

A

Brain scans show abnormal activity in front cortex, thalamus, and amygdala.

May also experience morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid filled ventricles.

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17
Q

Personality Disorders - 3 categories

A
  1. Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behaviours - paranoid and schizoid personality disorder
  2. Cluster B: Dramatic or impulsive behaviours - borderline and antisocial personality disorder
  3. Cluster C: Related to anxiety - avoidant and dependent personality disorder
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18
Q

Dissociative amnesia (aka psychogenic amnesia)

A

Memory loss the only symptom, selective loss surrounding traumatic events (person still knows their identity and most of their past)

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19
Q

Depersonalization-derealization syndrome

A

Feeling disconnected from one’s body, feeling detached from one’s own thoughts/emotions, feeling as if one is disconnected from self, sense of feeling as if one is dreaming in a dreamlike state. Lost touch with reality, don’t have any emotions.

Thought to be caused by severe traumatic lifetime events including childhood abuse, accidents, natural disasters, war, torture, and bad drug experiences.

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20
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

Originally known as multiple personality disorder.

Two or more distinct personalities manifested by the same person at different times.

Has been used in criminal defence before.

Varies by therapist. Some see none, others see a lot.

DID can be suggestive on the part of the therapist with the questions they ask.

More cases in US than anywhere.

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21
Q

Maladaptive

A

The extent to which is causes distress (pain and suffering) and dysfunction (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning).

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22
Q

Etiology of mental illness

A
  1. Supernatural - evil spirits, displeasure of gods, sin
  2. Somatogenic - identity disturbances in physical functioning from illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage
  3. Psychogenic - traumatic or stressful experiences learned maladaptive associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions
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23
Q

Trephination

A

Earliest supernatural explanation for mental illness. Drilling holes in skull could cure mental disorders.

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24
Q

Hysteria

A

Described women suffering from mental illness resulting from a wandering uterus.

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25
Humourism
The belief that an excess or deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids directly affected health and temperament (bloodletting).
26
Interoceptive avoidance - panic
Avoidance of internal bodily or somatic cues for panic. Eg. avoiding exercise or caffeine because you experienced a racing heart during a panic attack, or avoiding high-necked sweaters because you experienced a choking sensation during a panic attack.
27
Phobias - 4 major subtypes
1. Blood-injury-injection 2. Situation - planes, elevators or enclosed spaces 3. Natural environment - heights, storms, and water 4. Animal
28
Thought-action fusion
When an individual with OCD confuses having an intrusive thought with their potential for carrying out the thought. Eg. intrusive thoughts of throwing hot coffee in someone's face - cannot escape the thoughts
29
Dissociative amnesia
Selective memory loss, but no neurological explanation for forgetting. Able to recall how to carry out daily tasks, but forget details in personal lives (name, age, occupation).
30
Dissociative fugue
Disorder in which one loses complete memory of their identity and may even assume a new one. Fugue state may last for hours or months. Recovery from fugue state tends to be rapid. When patients recover, no memory stressful event that triggered fugue or events that occurred during that state.
31
Dissociative Experiences Scale
DES - most widely used self-report measure of dissociation
32
Post-traumatic model
PTM - dissociative symptoms can be best understood as mental strategies to cope with the impact of highly aversive experiences. Once learned to use as coping mechanism, it can become automatized and habitual.
33
Cross-sectional designs
Data collected at one point in time
34
Systematic desensitization
Aka Exposure therapy - compatible with James Lange theory. If I always avoid elevators, I will be fearful every time I get into an elevator. If I start going in elevators, the interpretation to my brain will tell me that I'm okay.
35
Shaping - systematic desensitization
Before desensitization, you need to help the person learn to relax with deep breathing away from the elevator. Once they have mastered that, they would practice relaxing and deep breathing in front of the elevator. Combine relaxation and desensitization.
36
Aversion therapy
Present individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with an unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction. Designed to reduce addictive behaviour.
37
Contingency management (ABA - applied behavioural analysis)
Approach to changing behaviour by altering the consequences of behaviours. Effective in family, school, and prison settings. If I ask nicely, I will be rewarded. Being rewarded is contingent on doing the right thing.
38
Token economies
Applied to groups (classrooms or mental hospital wards). Involves distribution of tokens contingent on desired behaviours. Tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or other reinforcers. Students with ADD or ADHD can be trained to stay in their seats longer through contingency management.
39
Lazarus Cognitive Theory example
My appraisal of myself has changed if I step into the elevator and take a ride. Anxiety is reduced because my appraisal of the situation has changed. At the beginning, I told myself that I couldn't handle going into the elevator.
40
Cognitive therapy
Useful for treating depression. Dysfunctional thinking (my future is hopeless) leads to hopeless behaviour.
41
Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis - based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviours are the cause of mental disorders. Attempts to eliminate self-defeating thoughts. Action-oriented approach focused on helping people manage their emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in a healthier and more realistic way.
42
Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)
Positive emphasis on growth, and positive life aspects. There are negative aspects in life, but focus on positive ones to create a more balanced view.
43
Antidepressants
MOA - monoamine oxidase - inhibits the breakdown of serotonin.
44
Anti-anxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines - work to inhibit neurotransmitter GABA
45
General adaptation syndrome - Selye. What are the three stages?
1. Alarm - high arousal 2. Resistance - coping. Arousal increases 3. Exhaustion - after intense high arousal. Physical symptoms - low energy, weakened immune system.
46
Four major types of anxiety disorders & possible causes
1. GAD 2. Social anxiety 3. Specific phobia 4. Panic Evolutionary psych - if we were trapped in a tiny space, and able to escape trouble, more likely to survive and reproduce. Learning theory - learned from specific experiences. Associate specific place with fear because I was attacked there. Treated with exposure therapy. Through repeated exposure, the behaviour will become extinct.
47
Humanistic therapy
Carl Rogers - client-entered therapy. Empathy and reflective feelings. Three characteristics 1. Congruence - therapist is authentic 2. Unconditional positive regard 3. Accurate empathetic understanding
48
James Lange Theory
1. Stimulus - bear 2. Arousal - heart pounding 3. Emotion - cognitive label - I am scared SAE
49
Cannon-Bard theory
Brain and emotion work together
50
Schachter-singer theory
1. Stimulus causes arousal - bear 2. Arousal - Physical sensation - my heart is racing and I am trembling 3. Cognitive label - my heart rate and trembling are caused by fear 4. Emotion - I am scared SACE (stimulus, arousal, cognitive label, emotion)
51
Yerkes Dodson Law bell curve
Model of relationship between stress and performance. The optimal state of arousal and optimal performance come together in the middle of the curve. No stress at all is not ideal for managing motivation and performance. A certain amount of stress is required to be productive in society. According to this law, very high levels of arousal would interfere with doing a crossword puzzle.
52
Perceptual set
A tendency to only view things in a certain way. Eg. Perceiving someone's laughter as phony and artificial
53
Drive
An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a psychological need.
54
Arousal theory example
Motivated to engage in extreme sports as a way to conquer emotions and actions.
55
According to Cannon-Bard theory, body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to:
Cortex
56
According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion _______ we notice our physiological arousal.
After
57
According to the Cannon-Bard theory we experience emotion________ we become physiologically aroused.
At the same time as
58
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ______ and ________.
Facial expressions; cognitive appraisal
59
Prolonged stress can lead to:
Inflammation of body tissues
60
Stress definition
The process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.
61
The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of _________ than does the James-Lange theory.
Cognitive activity
62
Agoraphobia
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult.
63
Anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD are thought to reflect:
A danger-detection system that has become hyperactive
64
Stimulus generalization
A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. OR Fear of heights that prevents someone from going into tall buildings, flying, or driving over bridges. Phobia illustrates stimulus generalization.
65
GAD
Free-floating anxiety Tense and irritable Constant worry about everything Impaired concentration
66
Maladaptive behaviours that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of:
An anxiety disorder
67
Arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the averse effects of:
Boredom
68
What theory of motivation emphasizes the importance of genetically predisposed behaviours?
Instinct theory
69
Two-factor theory example
Heart pounding, palms sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was anxious. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, he concluded that he was falling in love. Differing emotions experienced by Harley can be explained by the: two factor theory
70
People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of:
Anger
71
Psychologists have discovered that stress produced an outpouring of____________ into the bloodstream.
Adrenaline
72
If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the CNS, this would give added credibility to:
The medical model
73
A central therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis is:
Free association
74
Resistance during psychotherapy
Blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy.
75
Catatonia
Sitting passively in a motionless stupor, staring, sometimes repetitively shaking head or waving arms.
76
Important feature of client-centered therapy is:
Active listening
77
Cognitive-behavioural therapy
Aims to modify both self-defeating behaviour and maladaptive actions.
78
Dissociative disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
79
Token economy represents the application principles of:
Operant conditioning
80
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Aaron Beck - challenging people's automatic negative thoughts can be therapeutic. Assumes that changing people's thinking can change their functioning.
81
Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are characteristics of:
Dissociative disorder
82
Schizophrenia early warning signs:
Disruptive or withdrawn behaviour, poor peer relations, and solo play
83
Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms closely associated with:
Schizophrenia with negative symptoms
84
Systematic desensitization example
Jonathan is afraid to ask a girl for a date, so his therapist instructs him to relax and simply imagine that he is reaching for his cell phone and then call a potential date. This technique is an example of systematic desensitization.
85
Psychotic disorder
When someone loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions.
86
Social Zeitgeber theory - German word for "time keeper"
Stressors that disrupt sleep, or disrupt the daily routines that entertain the biological clock (meal times, sleep) can trigger episode relapse in bipolar. Overnight travel or anything that disrupts the sleep schedule can increase bipolar symptoms in people with bipolar disorder.
87
Ahedonia and amomtivation in schizophrenia
Lack of apparent interest in or drive to engage in social or recreational activities. Does not reflect a lack of enjoyment and pleasure in activities or events, but rather a reduced drive or ability to take the steps necessary to obtain the potentially positive outcomes.
88
Alogia in schizophrenia
Lack of showing emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation, as well as a reduced amount of speech and increased pause frequency and duration.
89
Schizophreniform disorder
A briefer version of schizophrenia
90
Schizoaffective disorder
A mixture of psychosis and depression or mania symptoms
91
Delusional disorder in schizophrenia
Experience of only delusions
92
Brief psychotic disorder
Involves psychotic symptoms that last only a few days or weeks
93
Cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia
Cognitive deficits are present in schizophrenia are widespread and can include problems with episodic memory - ability to learn and retrieve new info or episodes in one's life. Working memory - ability maintain info over a short period of time--30 seconds. Often have difficulty with processing speed, frequently slower than most individuals on almost all tasks. Some have social cognition. May not be able to detect the meaning of facial expressions or other subtle cues, and problems with theory of mind (inferring intensions of other people).
94
Schizophrenia and brain region
Related to functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Also contributes to episodic memory deficits. Issues with white matter connectivity, and gray matter volume in a variety of regions in the prefrontal and temporal cortices.
95
Lazarus cognitive appraisal
Our appraisals of a stimulus affect how much stress it causes.

Psych 101 - Final Exam (1 decks)

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