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IDCP MCQ Revision > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Shared environment variance estimate equation

A

rMZ-h^2

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2
Q

Heritability variance estimate equation

A

2(rMZ-rDZ)

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3
Q

Which pairing have the highest probably of co twin depression

A

MZ (Identical Twins) with one co twin depressed

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4
Q

Which twin pairing have the lowest probability of co twin depression

A

Monozygotic twins where both twins are not depressed

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5
Q

Molecular Genetics

A
  • linkage disequilibrium
  • GWAS studies
  • candidate gene studies
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6
Q

DSM Definition of Mental Disorders

A

Significant disturbance in emotion regulation , cognition and behaviour

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7
Q

Diagnostic Reliability

A
  • agreement across interviewers within time
  • agreement across time within respondents
  • agreement across time within interviews
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8
Q

Key Environmental Risk Factors in Schizophrenia that can be explained by social defeat

A
  • migration
  • urban upbringing
  • drug abuse
  • low IQ
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9
Q

OCD : Inflated Responsibility

A

The belief that one has power that is pivotal to being about or prevent subjectively crucial negative outcomes

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10
Q

To detect variance related to time sampling

A

Assess Test-retest reliability

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11
Q

Concept of mental age studies in intelligence introduced by

A

Binet

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12
Q

Heritability of intelligence increased with…

A

Age

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13
Q

Each Big 5 personality dimension has how many facets?

A

Six

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14
Q

ABC stands for which cognitive principles

A

A - Activating Event (Trigger)
B - Belief
C- Consequences

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15
Q

Maintenance mechanism across anxiety disorders

A
  • focus of attention
  • spontaneous imagery
  • memory processes
  • nature of threat representations
  • emotional reasoning
  • safety seeking behaviours
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16
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech

17
Q

Types of delusions

A 
withdrawal 
broadcasting
insertion
grandeur
control
persecution
reference
18
Q

role of DRD2 gene

A

encodes the D2 subtype of the dopamine receptor

19
Q

glutamatergic neurotransmission

A

several genes involved in reacting to glutamate > modulate excitatory amino acid

20
Q

social defeat hypothesis

A

Selten et al 2005
long term experience of social defeat may lead to long term neurophysiological changes e.g. sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system

21
Q

4 key environmental risk factors for schizophrenia (social defeat)

A

urban upbringing
migration
low IQ
Drug abuse

22
Q

DA hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia arises as a consequence of hyperactivity of the dopamine system
treatment first approach, not causal

23
Q

DA Hypothesis radiolabeled L-Dopa

A

SZ patients have elevated presynaptic striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (moderate to large effect sizes)
suggests SZ patients producing more DA than controls
patients who were acutely psychotic at the time of PET scanning found elevated presynaptic striatal dopamine availability

24
Q

increased striatal synaptic dopamine release

A

released dopamine competes with the radioligand and leads to a reduction in radiotracer binding and is an indirect index of released dopamine

25
Q

where is the largest dopaminergic abnormality in schizophrenia

A

review of 44 PET studies found that the locus is presynaptic , affecting dopamine synthesis capacity, baseline synaptic dopamine levels and dopamine release

26
Q

what is DA associated with

A

incentive, motivational salience, reward prediction

27
Q

information processing bias

A

tendency for the information processing system to consistently favor stimulus material of a particular type or content

28
Q

functions of CBT for schizophrenia

A
  • challenge the evidence for delusions
  • highlight irrational and inconsistent features
    offer alternative perspectives
    suggest behavioral tests
29
Q

possible areas of deficit for BPD

A

cognition
affectivity
interpersonal functioning
impulse control

30
Q

symptoms of BPD

A
  • fear of abandonment
  • pattern of unstable and intense relationships
  • identity disturbance
  • impulsivity
  • recurrent suicidal behavior
  • affective instability
  • emptiness
  • anger issues
  • paranoia and dissociation
31
Q

Linehan’s biosocial theory of BPD

A
  • primarily a disorder of emotion dysregulation

- emerges from transactions between individuals with biological vulnerabilities and specific environment influences

32
Q

genetic factors of BPD

A

impulsive, aggressive, self-inuring > functional deficiencies in central serotonin (5-HT) system > dopamine, monoamine oxidase and vasopressin enzymes interact with neurotransmitters

emotional lability > deficits in cholinergic and noradrenergic systems > elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responding

33
Q

Linehan 1993 > three main types of family that increase risk of BPD

A
  • disorganized (neglectful and maltreating)
  • perfect (where expressing negative emotions is taboo)
  • normal (poorness of fit)
34
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or images that are experienced at some time during the disturbance as intrusive and inappropriate causing marked stress or anxiety

35
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be rigidly applied
aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety

36
Q

exposure response therapy > habituation model

A

people with OCD must habituate to their anxiety, obsessions and/or urges to engage in compulsive behavior

IDCP MCQ Revision (2 decks)

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