Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Shared environment variance estimate equation
rMZ-h^2
Heritability variance estimate equation
2(rMZ-rDZ)
Which pairing have the highest probably of co twin depression
MZ (Identical Twins) with one co twin depressed
Which twin pairing have the lowest probability of co twin depression
Monozygotic twins where both twins are not depressed
Molecular Genetics
- linkage disequilibrium
- GWAS studies
- candidate gene studies
DSM Definition of Mental Disorders
Significant disturbance in emotion regulation , cognition and behaviour
Diagnostic Reliability
- agreement across interviewers within time
- agreement across time within respondents
- agreement across time within interviews
Key Environmental Risk Factors in Schizophrenia that can be explained by social defeat
- migration
- urban upbringing
- drug abuse
- low IQ
OCD : Inflated Responsibility
The belief that one has power that is pivotal to being about or prevent subjectively crucial negative outcomes
To detect variance related to time sampling
Assess Test-retest reliability
Concept of mental age studies in intelligence introduced by
Binet
Heritability of intelligence increased with…
Age
Each Big 5 personality dimension has how many facets?
Six
ABC stands for which cognitive principles
A - Activating Event (Trigger)
B - Belief
C- Consequences
Maintenance mechanism across anxiety disorders
- focus of attention
- spontaneous imagery
- memory processes
- nature of threat representations
- emotional reasoning
- safety seeking behaviours
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
Types of delusions
withdrawal broadcasting insertion grandeur control persecution reference
role of DRD2 gene
encodes the D2 subtype of the dopamine receptor
glutamatergic neurotransmission
several genes involved in reacting to glutamate > modulate excitatory amino acid
social defeat hypothesis
Selten et al 2005
long term experience of social defeat may lead to long term neurophysiological changes e.g. sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system
4 key environmental risk factors for schizophrenia (social defeat)
urban upbringing
migration
low IQ
Drug abuse
DA hypothesis of schizophrenia
schizophrenia arises as a consequence of hyperactivity of the dopamine system
treatment first approach, not causal
DA Hypothesis radiolabeled L-Dopa
SZ patients have elevated presynaptic striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (moderate to large effect sizes)
suggests SZ patients producing more DA than controls
patients who were acutely psychotic at the time of PET scanning found elevated presynaptic striatal dopamine availability
increased striatal synaptic dopamine release
released dopamine competes with the radioligand and leads to a reduction in radiotracer binding and is an indirect index of released dopamine
