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Clinical and Neuropsychology 2 > Psychological assessment > Flashcards

Psychological assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Assessment

A
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2
Q

What is psychological assessment?

A

The process of evaluating an individual’s behavior, personality, cognitive abilities, and other domains using various techniques and tools

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3
Q

When is psychological assessment used?

A
  • Helps when wanting to make a diagnosis
  • Used to identify appropriate therapeutic approaches
  • (Repeated assessments) useful for monitoring a treatment over time
  • Used when conducting research on the cause of a disorder
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4
Q

What is a clinical interview?

A

It’s a meeting (face-to-face) between a mental health professional and a patient, during which the professional observes the patient and gathers data about their behavior, attitudes, current situation, personality, and life history

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5
Q

What must the clinicians do in order to conduct a good clinical interview?

A
  • Establishing rapport and trust
    ~ Done through showing empathy (encourages patient to talk more about his/her problems)
  • Summary statement/reflection of what the patient has just said:
    ~ Keeps the momentum of the discussion high
    ~ Makes patient feel accepted from the clinician
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6
Q

What are unstructured clinical interviews?

A

Clinician’s personal way of conducting an interview:
- Completely up to the clinician
- Asks questions in an easy way and through which the clinician feels he can get the best info out of the patient
(Low interrater reliability)

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7
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What are structured interviews?

A

Questions are set out in a prescribed manner for the interviewer.

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8
Q

What is the structured clinical interview (SCID)?

A

It’s a structured branched interview (patient’s answer to a question determines what the next question will be)
- Symptoms are rated on 3-point scale of severity
(Example with OCD)

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9
Q

What is a problem with self-report questionnaires when assessing stress?

A

It’s results are limited in how many stressors they cover and have limited validity

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10
Q

What is the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS)?

A

A comprehensive interview measure of life stress
- covers over 200 different stressors
- Interview is semi-structured, allowing the interviewer to ask personal questions specific to the patient (can deviate a bit from the structured interview)

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11
Q

How is the LEDS used to assess stress?

A

1) The interviewer and the interviewee work collaboratively to produce a calendar of each of the major
events within a given time period.
2) After the interview, raters evaluate the severity and several other dimensions of each stressor.

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12
Q

What are the goals of the LEDS?

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1) Address several problems in life stress assessment, including the need to evaluate the importance of any given life event in the context of a person’s life circumstances
2) Exclude life events that might be consequences of symptoms.
3) Carefully date when a life stressor occurred.

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13
Q

What are personality tests?

A

A type of self-report questionnaire that includes statements to assess behavioral and emotional tendencies.

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14
Q

What is the process of standardization?

A

1) Administer tests to many people to analyze how certain kinds of people tend to respond.
2) Then, statistical norms for the test can be established

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15
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2-RF)?

A

A personality test designed to detect multiple psychological problems (multiphasic)
- If a person answers many of the items in a scale in the same way as did people from a certain diagnostic group, his or her behavior is expected to resemble that of the particular diagnostic group.
- There are validity scales to assess biased responses in questionnaires (if I want to look good, putting neutral on everything out of boredom etc.)

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16
Q

What are two personality tests used to assess the Big 5 (OCEAN)?

A
  • NEO-PI
  • BFI-2 (Big Five Inventory 2)
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17
Q

In which disorders do the Big 5 play a role?

A

the Big 5 are central to Personality, Mood and Anxiety Disorders
- Like MMPI-2-RF, NEO-PI and BFI-2, they have validity scales to assess if there’s a biased response

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18
Q

What are Intelligence tests (IQ tests)?

A

Tests used to assess a person’s intelligence in the moment.
- Assess language skills, abstract thinking, nonverbal reasoning, visual-spatial skills, attention and concentration, and speed of processing

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19
Q

In what occasions are IQ tests used?

A
  • To predict school performance (IQ tests explain only a small part of school performance; much more is unexplained by IQ test) scores than is explained
  • diagnose learning disorders or intellectual disabilities
  • Used in neuropsychological evaluations - Used to identify intellectually gifted children (so that appropriate instruction can be provided to them in school).
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20
Q

What are some other general info on IQ tests?

A
  • Highly reliable
  • Good validity
  • Suffers very often from stereotype threat (these stereotypes develop from very early (6 to 10, 93% of children are aware of these stereotypes)
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21
Q

What are neuropsychological tests?

A

Used to help pinpoint specific areas of cognitive functioning impairment. (based on the idea that different cognitive functions rely on different areas of the brain)

22
Q

When are neuropsychological tests used?

A
  • To identify the extent of cognitive impairment (suffered duting a stroke, TBI etc.)
  • To provide clues about where in the brain the damage may have occurred
23
Q

What are some examples of neuropsychological tests?

A
  • Tactile Performance Test: While blindfolded, the person tries to fit variously shaped blocks into spaces of a form board, first using the preferred hand, then the other hand, and finally both.
  • Trail Making Test: The person is asked to draw connecting lines (trails) between numbers or letters.
  • California Verbal Learning Test: Person listens to lists of words and recalls as many as possible (tests verbal memory)
  • Rey Complex Figure Test: This is a test of visual memory in which an intricate figure drawing is shown to a person and the person is asked to copy the figure. Memory for the figure is also assessed
24
Q

What does a clinician do when directly observing behavior?

A

Divides a sequence of behaviors into various parts that make sense within a learning framework, including such things as the antecedents and consequences of particular behaviors.

25
Q

What is a difficulty with direct observation and how do clinicians solve for this problem?

A

It is difficult to observe most behavior as it actually takes place, and little control can be exercised over where and when it may occur. For this reason, many mental health professionals create somewhat artificial situations in their office or in a laboratory so that they can observe how a person or a family acts under certain conditions

26
Q

What is experience sampling?

A

When researchers ask people to monitor and record their own behavior and responses.
–> Such sampling of a person’s daily experience is used to collect data on a wide variety of subjects.

27
Q

What is ecological management assessment (EMA)?

A

Like experience sampling, only collection of data is in real time as opposed to the more usual method of having people reflect back over some time period and report on recently experienced events.
–> Person is signaled (via text message or smartphone alert most typically) several times a day and asked to enter
responses directly into the device.

28
Q

When are self-report questionnaires used?

A
  • Used to help plan targets for treatment
  • Determine whether clinical interventions are helping, in order to adjust then the treatment as well
    (Format: like personality tests, only fewer items since they usually just focus on one domain)
29
Q

(Brain imaging techniques)

A

-fMRI
-MRI,
-PET

30
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

1) Place an electromagnetic coil, often shaped like a figure 8, on the scalp.
2) Coil emits electric pulses to the areas of the brain near where the coil is placed (can apply one pulse or multiple pulses).

31
Q

What is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A

Administered with a smaller device, worn on the head, that is battery-powered. The device contains electrodes, and a current weaker than that used in TMS is applied over several minutes.

32
Q

How are brain stimulation techniques useful?

A
  • Test hypotheses about brain–behavior relationships (stimulate an area of the brain and immediately examine the impact on behavior)
  • Treating psychological disorders
33
Q

What is Psychophysiological assessment?

A

When you assess bodily changes that are
associated with psychological events.

34
Q

What are some examples of Psychophysiological assessment?

A
  • Measures of A.N.S. are used to assess emotions (e.g. changes in heart rate, record changes in heart rate using electrodes that are put on the chest, signal is graphically depicted on an Electrocardiogram (EKG)
  • Electrodermal responding, or skin conductance (associated with anxiety, fear, anger and other emotions)
35
Q

What are some problems with race and culture in assessment?

A

A measure developed for one cultural, ethnic, or racial group may not be equally reliable and valid with a different cultural group.

36
Q

What are the ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests?

A

Guidelines that make sure that a test is translated properly into another language, so that the same test in different languages is very similar.

37
Q

What are some racial/cultural biases that many people make when conducting a psychological assessment?

A
  • over-/underestimate psychological problems in members of other cultures
  • Assumptions clinicians make based on the combo of culture and emotion
38
Q

What are some strategies to avoid racial/cultural bias?

A
  • Graduate training programs.
    1) students must learn about basic issues in assessment, such as reliability and validity.
    2) students must become informed about the specific ways in which culture, race, or ethnicity may impact assessment, rather than just focusing on global stereotypes about a particular cultural, ethnic, or racial group.
    3) students must consider that culture, race, or ethnicity may not impact assessment in every individual case.
  • Modify assessment procedures to make sure that everybody understands what is needed from them from the task
  • Clinicians are encouraged to make hypotheses about the influence of culture on a person, entertain alternative hypotheses, and then test those hypotheses.
  • Use structured interviews, like SCID
  • clinician must keep in mind that each group/community has a sense of belongingness, bonding, and connections, in order to treat everybody equally and the same.
39
Q

What are some other heuristics or biases?

A
  • (un)availability bias
  • premature closure (clinicians make a quick diagnosis, fail to consider other possible diagnoses, prematurely stop collecting data)
  • illusory correlation bias
  • excessive data-collection bias (large, unfocused data collection leads to false-positive results)
  • self-report/response bias (created by the respondent due to social desirability, self-perception, mood states etc.)
  • confirmation bias
40
Q

How can clinicians conduct a good PA?

A
  • In advance, draw up multiple hypotheses and convert them to empirically supported and testable arguments (argument can be verified or falsified)
  • Apply reliable and valid instruments and consider a multimodal and multi-informant approach
  • Base your conclusions on the testable predictions and weigh findings appropriately (be honest about results, results vs interpretations)
  • Stay critical about your own reasoning and the limitations of your PA
41
Q

Diagnostic Process

A
42
Q

What are the steps in the clinical diagnostic process?

A

1) client’s referral/direct question or referrer’s request
2) clinician analyzes these (these form the starting point)
3) Formulate first questions:
~ Which disorder is it?
~ What factors have caused it or perpetuate it?
~ What psychotherapy is useful for this
4) Based on the above questions, the clinician will construct a theory about the patient
5) Then the clinician will test this theory:
~ Convert theory into hypotheses
~ Pick specific research tools
~ Make predictions about results
~ Carry out tests and tools
~ Evaluate results

43
Q

What are the 5 basic questions in Clinical Psychodiagnostics?

A
  • Recognition
  • Explanation
  • Prediction
  • Indication
  • Evaluation
44
Q

Recognition

A
  • Inventory and Description of problems, organizing and categorizing into disorder clusters or disorders
  • Evaluating seriousness of problems
  • Recognition might happen through:
    ~ comparison with a pre-determined standard
    ~ comparison to a comparison group
    ~ comparison with the individual at another point in time
45
Q

Explanation

A

Answers the main questions of:
- What is the main problem
- What are the conditions that explain the problems occurrence
- The causal relationship between the above two factors
Different ways of classifying explanations:
- Locus (explanation lies within the person)
- Nature of control (Talks about causes and reasons. Causes explain behaviors, reason make behavior understandable)
- Synchronous and diachronous explanatory conditions. Synchronous explanatory conditions coincide with the behavior at a specific time; diachronous explanatory conditions, precede this behavior
- Induced and persistent conditions. Induced conditions give rise to a behavioral problem while persistent conditions perpetuate the behavioral problem.
- (Central Theory: This theory should, together with the biological influences, simultaneously identify the situational influences, personal characteristics, development and systemic patterns)

46
Q

Prediction

A

Making a statement about the problem behavior in the future

47
Q

Indication

A

Whether the client requires treatment
and, if so, which caregiver and assistance are the most suitable for this particular client and problem. To know this, the clinician must have knowledge of the following:
- Knowledge of treatments and therapists
- Knowledge of relative usefulness of treatments
- Knowledge of the client’ acceptance of this indication

48
Q

Evaluation

A

1) Whether the therapy took account of the diagnosis and treatment proposal
2) whether the process and the treatment have brought about a change in the client’s behavior and experience.

49
Q

What are the steps in the diagnostic cycle (De Groot’s cycle)?

A

1) Observation involves collecting and classifying empirical materials and info
2) Induction includes the formulation of theory and hypotheses about the behavior.
3) Deduction phase, testable predictions are derived from these hypotheses.
4) Testing phase, new materials are used to determine whether the predictions are correct or incorrect.
5) Evaluation

50
Q

Ethics

A
51
Q

Utilitarianism vs Consequentialism

A

Clinical and Neuropsychology 2 (12 decks)

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