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Psycholinguistics Final Flashcards

1
Q

perceptual invariance (lack of invariance):

A

Sounds that are acoustically variable are perceived as the same sound.

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2
Q

coarticulation

A

Sounds are affected by neighbouring sounds

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3
Q

phoneme, allophone

A

phonemes are distinct categories, chair vs couch, allophones are the same category, different kinds of chairs.

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4
Q

Categorical perception

A

clear shift in phonemes; sharp boundaries imposed by mental categories; the difference is perceived at a threshold. Humans can only identify sounds categorically. Stronger effects for consonants over vowels. (sounds)

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5
Q

Continuous perception

A

a gradual change along the VOT continuum, where one and more listeners start hearing one sound over another at different times, however people are only agreeing at the two ends of the spectrum. (words)
ie) peach vs. beach

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6
Q

forced-choice identification task

A

listen to a sound, is it /pa/ or /ba/.

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7
Q

ABX discrimination task

A

listen to sound X, is it more like A or B?

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8
Q

McGurk effect

A

bottom-up processing): there is mismatch in the sounds we hear vs see. Our interpretation of speech sounds depends on acoustic signals and visual signals.

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9
Q

Ganong effect

A

(top-down processing): uses words and non-words; did you hear /k/ or /g/? We know that /kift/ is not a real word so we hear /gift/.

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10
Q

phoneme restoration effect

A

Even if we miss a sound in a word, we will fill it in because we know the intended word.

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11
Q

Top-down

A

prior knowledge helps listeners identify speech sounds

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12
Q

Motor Theory

A

knowledge of how sounds are produced affects speech perception; you need to know how articulators move.

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13
Q

semantic priming

A

You retrieve the desired word, but also partially activate related words; which makes them easier to access later (spreading of activation)

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14
Q

lexical decision task (LDT)

A

participants have to decide if a word is real or not; based on speed. Faster to recognize a real word if it follows a semantically related word.

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15
Q

Masked priming paradigm

A

Lexical decision task (have to decide if a word is real or not)
Less time between prime and target words

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16
Q

visual world eye-tracking experiment

A

they locate the target but also look at semantically related words and cohort competitors.

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17
Q

Experimental stimuli

A

the stimuli that is measured

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18
Q

Control stimuli

A

an unrelated word, just to throw the participant off track

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19
Q

facilitation effect

A

easier to recognize a word when it appears after a semantically related one

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20
Q

inhibition effect

A

Partially activated words “get in the way”, Phonologically related words like [stiff] vs. [still]

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21
Q

neighbourhood density effect

A

it will take longer to recognize words with dense phonological neighbours

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22
Q

cross-modal priming task

A

both meanings are accessed at first (ie of bug), but several syllables later, the appropriate meaning is selected and the irrelevant meaning is thrown away

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23
Q

decay

A

activation levels will decrease over time and activation depends on time.

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24
Q

cohort competitors

A

Share same initial sound

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25
cohort model
lexical activation starts right after the beginning of a word, and multiple cohort competitors are active
26
TRACE model
Words that overlap anywhere with the target word all get activated
27
direct route
memorize a series of units that you identify as a word.
28
Assembled phonology route
graphemes (written symbols) are sounded out, starting at the left edge of the word. More skilled = direct route used.
29
connectionist model
hearing a word activates phonological units which are (indirectly) linked to meaning units. Connections are formed over time; learned associations between sounds and meanings.
30
parsing
Incremental - structure building in real-time language comprehension. We can’t just retrieve meanings of sentences that are stored in our memory because of ambiguity.
31
incremental processing
Predictions are made as sounds are being heard
32
partial input (words)
comprehenders predict the upcoming structure based on the evidence received so far (either written or auditorily)
33
global ambiguity
remains ambiguous
34
local ambiguity
becomes disambiguated at a certain point (disambiguating region)
35
self-paced reading paradigm
Measures reading times
36
garden path sentences
local (temporary) ambiguity; ambiguous as the sentence is unfolding and structure is being built; the intended meaning becomes clear at the disambiguating word/region.
37
Minimal attachment
use the smallest number of syntactic nodes possible
38
Late closure
any new words should be attached to the structure that is being built
39
constraint-based model
different constraints can affect processing. Multiple interpretations accessed in parallel - interactive and top-down
40
Parallel
we do not commit to a certain word representation, multiple candidates are activated. CONSTRAINT BASED
41
Serial
syntax first, 1 structure at a time. GARDEN PATH
42
Modular
higher level info does not affect processing, syntax then semantics.
43
modifiers
Helps when deciding between two objects
44
High surprisal
high surprisal is less predictable
45
filled gap effect
comprehenders make predictions about where the gap will be in the sentence * preference to find the gap as soon as possible. Longer reading times when object position is filled rather than containing a gap.
46
object relative clauses
NP subject of 1 verb but object of another. Harder to understand and more memory needed
47
subject relative clauses
Subject of both verbs, gap closer
48
Memory
difficulty at the embedded verb
49
Expectation
Difficulty at second NP
50
reading span task
keep certain words in memory as you hear sentences. Low span: harder time with objective relative clauses. High span: higher memory span.
51
Language production
Takes longer to say complex subjects than objects
52
Substitutions
Replace word with an incorrect one
53
Blends
Combine two words together
54
Exchanges
2 words trade places
55
Anticipation
sound pronounced too early
56
Perseverations
sound already pronounced gets pronounced again
57
Exchanges (or spoonerisms)
2 sounds change places
58
2 stage model of language production
Stage 1 = access word Stage 2 = find sounds
59
lemma
contains information about meaning and and syntactic category but not sounds
60
picture-word interference task
participants look at pictures with words superimposed on them and are asked to name the pictures as quickly as they can while ignoring the words Semantically related: Slower Inhibition Phonologically related: Faster Facilitation
61
disfluencies
if there’s not enough time to adapt your linguistic planning —> disfluencies may arise. but, such disfluencies can help listeners understand the speaker’s mental processes
62
message planning
message planning before words are retrieved
63
linguistic planning
Linguistic planning might interrupt message planning. You know what you want to say but you need to plan your message.
64
lexical bias effect
More likely to make speech errors that result in something grammatical than ungrammatical.
65
what is the evidence for bidirectional activation?
speech errors with similar meanings, sounds or both (mixed)
66
proposition
Its core meaning
67
memory-probe task
faster response times when sweatshirt remained on main character * slower response times when sweatshirt was separated from main character
68
pronouns
Subjects are more accessible for pronoun antecedents
69
repeated name penalty
better to use pronoun rather than repeating same name
70
conversational implicature
speaker’s intended meaning that can’t be determined by the linguistic code; it must be inferred by the hearer based on their expectations about the speaker’s communicative goals and behaviours
71
Gricean maxims
Quality * do not make false statements Quantity * be as informative as required Relation/Relevance * be relevant Manner * be brief, orderly, don’t be obscure, don’t be ambiguous
72
scalar implicature
choosing a vaguer expression instead of a stronger one as the stronger one would be inaccurate in the context

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