Psycholinguistics

Question 1

PL production; Marshall 2013

Answer 1

Semantic fluency task reveals similar storage as in spoken- semantic clustering for output. Also in phonological fluency task; adding load to left hemisphere slows down production- so still localised to LH; signed faster when distracters shared HS or M parameters, not L

Question 2

Grosvald 2012

Answer 2

ERP; distinguish linguistic vs non-linguistic information; strongest negative response for pseudo signs, positive response for gesture (Capek 2003; same in spoken language)

Question 3

Guiterez 2012 (ASL)

Answer 3

ERP: HS and L modulate brain activity/lexical access in ASL- higher N400 response

Question 4

Guiterez 2012 (LSE)

Answer 4

sign is subjected to lexical competition as it is in spoken language – cohort effects (Marslen-wilson 1984)

Question 5

Modality

Answer 5

visual-spatial as opposed to auditory-visual

Question 6

similarities between sign and spoken

Answer 6

sublinguistic features/unites (phon, morph, syntax), conventional- understood by speakers only, displacement (Hocket), productivity (hocket), duality of patterning (hocket),
: left lateralised,
: acquisition

Question 7

phonology

Answer 7

sub-lexical, contrasting patterns meaningless units of sound/language: location, movement, handshape, orientation, and non-manual features (eg lip pattern and multichannel signs)
able to create minimal pairs by changing one feature as in spoken

Question 8

Lexicon- iconicity

Answer 8

SL is more iconic, but in different ways- spoken has onomatooieas and word-inital ocnsonant clusters and sound -symbolism (eg japanese); these are more lexical level in sign as visual

• post hoc etymology (asian and english boy/girl)
• potentially because it is a new language

Question 9

morphology

Answer 9

sign allows; affixation, compounding, assimilation, coarticulation, plural marking, verb agreement, inflections (aspect marking- temporal structure)
BUT have also more complex, multimorphemic structures; classifiers and verb movement

Question 10

space

Answer 10

Emorey 99: space is vital
Plain: body- anchored
Agreeing (Transfer)
spatial/topographic (semantically related to movement and location)

Question 11

classifiers

Answer 11

classify size, shape, location, meaning (big fish)

Question 12

syntax

Answer 12

universal, specific rules, sometimes dependent on space, exploitation of non-modal features– grammar by expression.

Question 13

interesting points:

Answer 13

no writing system, young language, sometimes without official language status, sign and gesture are distinct

Question 14

temporal recognition

Answer 14

Emmorey and Corina 99: parsed quicker (35% of word; 85%)

Emmorey and Corina 90: movement is most temporally influenced component- less identification in spoken lang

Question 15

iconicty and processing

Answer 15

more iconic although this doesnt imply anything (vigliocco, perniss 10)
Thompson 2009: iconic signs are responded to faster/more salient (online tasks affect comp)

Question 16

Viggliocco and vison 2005

Answer 16

action iconicity in sign; when two signs are very similar in meaning iconicity affects similarity judgements dependent on language (ie more for tool actions in BSL, more for body actions in English)- meta linguistic knowledge affects interpretation.

Question 17

Bosworth and Emmorey 2010

Answer 17

Lexical decision task through semantic related prime- semantic prime unaffected by iconicity– iconicity only impacts comprehension when relevant to the task.

Question 18

Thompson 2010

Answer 18

iconity is GENERAL: used phonological decision task- iconicity affects judgements of meaning, sign recognition and production. Affecting lexical processing.

Question 19

Pyers and Emmorey 2008:

Answer 19

Grammatical face expression in 12 bilingual native ASL; elevated tendencies when speaking english- intrudes on spoken production

Question 20

Vinson 2010

Answer 20

Mouth patterns- when retrieving word from english did not access meaning- independent representations of hands and mouth- bsl evokes activation of english phonology although reduced.

Question 21

Spontaneous errors

Answer 21

refect unconscious desires/ underlying cognitive processes and units of representation (merrill 76/ garrett 1980)

• exchanges
• anticipation
• preservation
• semantic errors

Question 22

Hohenbreger DgS

Answer 22

preservation in sign- primarily phonological errors: HS is most affected parameter much faster repair in DGS (1%) than in german (15%) - slower rate of articulation

Question 23

Kilma and Bellugi 1979

Answer 23

corpus of ASL slips of the hands- mostly were handshape related

Question 24

Tips of the tongue

Answer 24

these can be relived in the same way as in spoken- suggesting same lexical access routes (brown and mcneil 66/91, vigliocco 97

Question 25

Thompson 2005

Answer 25

induced TOF: even with 3/4 parameters available– indicating ‘separable phonology’