Psycholing final prep

Question 1

A word is a symbol for a?

Answer 1

object

Question 2

Mental representation of what we know about a word is ? Includes phonological info, orthographic info, semantic info, morphological info, and grammatical info

Answer 2

lexical representation

Question 3

1st words typically appear at what age?

Answer 3

12 months; either context bound or referential

Question 4

Why isn’t Emma from Friends use of the word, “gleeba” considered a real word?

Answer 4

Emma said it once therefore her use of the word is not consistent and does not have some phonetic connection to the real world.

Question 5

Children acquire their first 50 words by how many months?

Answer 5

18 months

Question 6

Name the largest category of words obtained during the first 50words

Answer 6

Nominals - # of general nominals increases the MOST during this time

Question 7

Why are nouns most prevalent in toddlers’ early lexicons?

Answer 7

Nouns are concrete. They are also placed at the beginning and ends of English utterances so they are heard more often.

Question 8

A word only used in 1 context is an example of a what?

Answer 8

Context bound word

Question 9

When a child says the word, “car,” every time he sees one, he demonstrates that the word car is context or referential?

Answer 9

referential

Question 10

A child only calls his dog, “doggie,” serves as an example of what?

Answer 10

underextension

Question 11

A child who calls every furry animal with 4 legs doggie demonstrates what phenomenon?

Answer 11

Overextension; can serve as an example of a context bound word

Question 12

By 24 months, children usually have how many words expressively?

Answer 12

200-300

Question 13

By age 3, children have how many words expressively?

Answer 13

900-1,000 words

Question 14

By age 5, children have how many words?

Answer 14

2100 words

Question 15

By age 12, children have acquired how many words?

Answer 15

12,000

Question 16

What is the word spurt/word explosion/ naming explosion?

Answer 16

The idea that around 18months and 50 words have been acquired that children begin acquiring words at a much faster rate. If there is a word spurt, researchers believe it may be related to the naming insight (everything has a name) and improved phonological abilities

Question 17

Which comes first - comprehension or production?

Answer 17

Comprehension

Question 18

What word do children comprehend first?

Answer 18

Their name

Question 19

Name some factors that are associated with children having larger vocabularies.

Answer 19

Children hear more speech from adults, hear more variation in the words and kinds of sentences adults use, hear words in more elaborative contexts, hear speech that is responsive to their own behavior, have better social skills (joint attn), have better phonological memory (memory for a sequence of sounds), are girls

Question 20

Name some differences between referential and expressive learners:

Answer 20

Referential: vocab is dominated by content words (Moms spend more time teaching kids labels for objects), more likely to be offspring of college educated parents, kids use analytic approach to learning words

Expressive: have more function words and social expressions like “go away,” view things on a continuum, view things on a continuum

Question 21

How do children learn when a word begins and ends?

Answer 21

Speech is continuous so there are few clear breaks among words; however, by 9 months, children track the statistics of segments and syllables. Children use rhythmic and phonotactic cues. Also, child directed speech (CDS) helps - utterances are shorter and so there are fewer words to find in each utterance. Exaggerated intonation and stress patterns highlight words

Question 22

Whole object assumption

Answer 22

applies to entire object, not just part.

Question 23

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 23

Different words refer to different things. Ex. child says tail and associates it with doggy

Question 24

Taxonomic assumption

Answer 24

Word refers to things that are of the same category ex. birds

Question 25

Syntactic bootstrapping

Answer 25

Child uses information about syntax to figure something out with vocabulary words

Question 26

Fast mapping

Answer 26

understand the meaning of a word after hearing it a small # of times

Question 27

Clark’s Semantic Feature Hypothesis

Answer 27

Kids organize words on basis of physical features ex. color, shape

Question 28

Nelson’s Functional Core Hypothesis

Answer 28

Kids organize words by function ex. fork = something you eat with

Question 29

Browerman’s Prototypic Complex Hypothesis

Answer 29

Children organize words by protoype and early experiences ex. word “bird” connotes pidgeon for a child living in NYC

Question 30

when a child produces and understands grammar in meaningful utterances, the child has achieved what?

Answer 30

linguistic competence

Question 31

the ability to use sentences in socially appropriate ways and understanding their use appropriately; another term for pragmatics

Answer 31

communicative competence

Question 32

What is a c-unit?

Answer 32

a main clause + all subordinating clauses

Question 33

How do you calculate the subordination index?

Answer 33

clauses / # c-units

Question 34

Around 8-10 months, a child is able to relate to another person about an object. What is this called?

Answer 34

joint attn

Question 35

The ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, knowledge, etc) to oneself and others, understanding that others have mental states that are different from one’s own

Answer 35

Theory of Mind

Question 36

Children with what tend to have difficulty with Theory of Mind tasks such as the Sally / Ann task

Answer 36

autism; and children under age 4

Question 37

The function of an utterance is a

Answer 37

speech act

Question 38

In the ? stage (0-6 months), a child demonstrates no intent and no language

Answer 38

perlocutionary

Question 39

In the ? stage (12 months), a child conveys intention with words

Answer 39

locutionary stage

Question 40

In the ? stage, a child shows intention, but lacks the language to convey it

Answer 40

illocutionary stage

Question 41

Early behaviors (vocal and gestural) that suggest commanding or requesting action ie lifting up arms

Answer 41

protoimperatives

Question 42

Early behaviors that have the goal of getting the listener’s attention ie pushing face to self, pointing

Answer 42

protodeclaratives

Question 43

Main purpose of this discourse is to provide info ex. how to do something

Answer 43

exposition