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Psychology unit 2 > Psychodynamic approach > Flashcards

Psychodynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud / Behaviour can be explained in terms of the inner conflicts of the mind / Role of the unconscious mind / Structure of personality / Influence childhood experiences have later on in life

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2
Q

Key assumptions 1

A

Importance of the first 5 years of life / forming personality / unsolved problems then = affected development

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3
Q

Key assumption 2

A

5 psychosexual stages of development / first 3 most important / all goes well and child resolves problems = stable personality + ability to form good relationships / if there are problems = unstable personality + problems to resolve

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4
Q

Key assumption 3

A

Unconscious / largest + most powerful + inaccessible

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5
Q

Key assumption 4

A

Libido energy = sexual energy / led to theory on psychosexual stages / theory of mind + instinctive, innate drives / Freud though basic needs hunger, thirst, shelter were catered for in Viennese society - focused on sexual drive

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6
Q

Psychosexual development - stage 1

A

Oral stage: 0-1 years / mouth / breastfeeding + thumb sucking / Id / chewing gum + smoking

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7
Q

Psychosexual development - stage 2

A

Anal stage: 1-3 years / anus / potty training - retentive + expulsive / ego / retentive - neat + organised, expulsive - messy + disorganised

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8
Q

Psychosexual stages - stage 3

A

Phallic stage: 3-5 years / genitals (opposite sex parent) / strong sexual feelings - Oedipus complex + Electra complex / ego + superego / gender develops / identifying with aggressor

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9
Q

Psychosexual stages - stage 4

A

Latency stage: 5- puberty / waiting period (sexual feelings suppressed) / focused on self (making friends/learning) / superego + ego / waiting

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10
Q

Psychosexual stages - stage 5

A

Genital stage: puberty onwards / genitals (others) / forming relationships (g/b friend) / id+ego+superego / who you are attracted to (similarities to opp sex parent)

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11
Q

Evaluation of psychosexual stages - strengths

A

Little Hans - supports phallic stage/Oedipus complex
Brown + Harris (1978) - women who had lost mothers first within 6 years of life = depression as adults
Clinical experience - evidence / theory arose from patients reporting sexual experience (child sex abuse) / interpreted as infantile sexual fantasies buried in unconscious

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12
Q

Evaluation of psychosexual stages - weaknesses

A

Controversial - child isn’t thought to have libidinal energy
Not measurable - unconscious etc. subjective both from participant + analyses
Little Hans - case study - not generalisable
Phallocentric / sexist - Karen Horney (1926) lack of detail on female development / envy power not penis / womb envy

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13
Q

Evaluation psychodynamic approach - strengths

A

New idea on treating patients with mental health problems instead of barbaric killing/ addressed neuroses
clinical experience as evidence + support
Little Hans

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14
Q

Evaluation psychodynamic approach - weaknesses

A

Not measurable - subjective
Controversial - child a sexual being
Evidence - case studies / Little Hans

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15
Q

The structure of personality: Id

A

Id - in unconscious / ‘I want’ / develops first / pleasure principle / instincts Eros + thanatos

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16
Q

The structure of personality: Ego

A

Ego - all 3 parts of mind / reality principle - rational part / how to satisfy the person / develops after 18 months

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17
Q

The structure of personality: Superego

A

Superego - 3 parts of mind / develops at 4 years / morality principle / conscience - right+wrong - from society, parents

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18
Q

The structure of the mind: Conscious

A

Conscious - Above the surface / contact with outside world

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19
Q

The structure of the mind: pre-conscious

A

Pre-conscious - below surface / decide whether info stays in pre-conscious or moves into the unconscious / cues bring back info into conscious

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20
Q

The structure of the mind: unconscious

A

Unconscious - largest + powerful / deepest sexual + violent desires / repressed memories / access through hypnosis, symbol + dream analysis, psychoanalysis

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21
Q

Ego defence mechanisms

A

Techniques which the ego uses to defend itself and help keep both the id and superego satisfied E.g. repression + sublimation

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22
Q

Ego defence mechanisms: Repression

A

Pulling into the unconscious / forgetting unpleasant or traumatic information, memory or strong emotion associated with it / e.g. forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety

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23
Q

Ego defence mechanisms: Sublimation

A

acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way / e.g. sublimating your desire to cut by becoming a surgeon

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24
Q

Little Hans (1909): AIM

A

Reporting 5 yr old boy - treatment for phobias of horses

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25
Q

Little Hans (1909): CASE DESCRIPTION

A

case study / father / Freud dealt with case / 3yr old - widdler - 3yrs 6months / white horse / how did phobia affected Hans / dreams, fantasy -giraffe -symbolism / horses - black bits around mouth - symbolism / horses falling over - leading question / first fantasy / final fantasy

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26
Q

Little Hans (1909): CASE ANALYSIS

A

19yrs of age / support of his theories - child development / Oedipus complex / defence mechanisms

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27
Q

Little Hans (1909): THEMES

A

widdler+wiping bottoms / father go away on business + jealousy sister bath time + giraffe dream / phobia of white horse + girl ‘not to put finger on’ white horse + afraid of ,black horses / playing with dolls, having children + 1st fantasy - role of mum, him,dad + 2nd fantasy - plumber

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28
Q

Little Hans (1909): EVALUATION - strengths

A

Evidence for theories / qualitative data - Hans relationship with father

29
Q

Little Hans (1909): EVALUATION - weaknesses

A

Case study - generalisability + reliability / objectivity - father support - Freud saw Hans twice

30
Q

Little Hans (1909): CASE ANALYSIS - Freud

A

repression - unconscious / anal stage / Oedipus complex / fear of father / displacement

31
Q

Axline V. Dibs (1964): AIM

A

unlock deep rooted problem / teachers - intelligent + refusal, inability to communicate

32
Q

Axline V. Dibs (1964): CASE DESCRIPTION

A

Axline - playroom - observations / play therapy sessions (once wk/1hr) / detailed records / 5 - Dibs referred to Axline / retardation-emotional / therapy play behaviour / 1st session - read / other sessions - play with doll house / reflection - home life / unplanned birth /Oedipus complex - toy soldiers

33
Q

Axline V. Dibs (1964): CASE ANALYSIS

A

mastery of feelings / locked doors / ‘I hate tears?’ / fantasy play / behaviour @ school / r/ship with father / IQ - emotional difficulties

34
Q

Axline V. Dibs (1964): EVALUATION - strenghts

A

Evidence - play therapy + defence mechanisms / credibility - Melanie Klein + Anna Freud / qualitative data

35
Q

Axline V. Dibs (1964): EVALUATION - weaknesses

A

Case study - generalisability + reliability / subjective - Axline schemas /

36
Q

Key issue: The effectiveness of psychoanalysis in treating abnormal + normal patients

A

How good / adnormal + normal patients / developed to cure mental / treatable+untreatable disorders / normal people / strengths + weaknesses / conclusion

37
Q

Key issue: weakness

A

limited usefulness / early childhood experiences - forget + repression denial / subjective -Rorschach / Eysenck

38
Q

Key issue: strengths

A

defence mechanisms - access + repressed mem’s / root cause tackled not just symptoms / no other therapy can do so

39
Q

Key issue: conclusion

A

negative: early childhood mem’s + subjectivity + limited effectiveness / positive: defence mechanisms + improving peoples behaviour

40
Q

Correlations

A

designs rather than research method as diff research methods can correlation data / when one ppt is measured on two scales / tested to see if they covary - one goes up other goes up or down - see if there’s a relationship / measure how strongly two or more variables are related to each other - e.g. smoking and lung cancer

41
Q

Correlations - positive

A

found when one of the variables goes up and so does the other

42
Q

Correlations - negative

A

found when one variable goes up and other goes down

43
Q

correlation - perfect positive+negative / no correlation

A

perfect positive = +1
perfect negative = -1
no correlation = 0

44
Q

correlations - testing

A

two variables measured on same ppt / scores from a number of ppts are tested to see if there is a relationship / first scores are ranked separately / comparing the rankings helps see if there is a correlation / before statistical test

45
Q

correlation coeffients

A

is to test both the strength + direction of the correlation / Spearmans rank / close to +1 (+0.8, +0.5, +0.3, +0.1) / close to -1 (-0.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1)

46
Q

correlation - evaluation - strengths

A

good for showing relationships between variables / sometimes the only practical or ethical way of carrying out an investigation / prompts further research / no participant variables - yields secure data

47
Q

correlation - evaluation - weaknesses

A

can’t test cause + effect e.g. +ve correlation between IGCSE grades + attendance to class - could be a third variable / invalid data as measures may be artificial or unconnected - taller you are the more languages you know

48
Q

Inferential test - reasons

A

Spearmans rank - ordinal data (being rankings) / is a correlation

49
Q

longitudinal study

A

the same participant over a a long period of time e.g. 5-13 years = 8yrs / tests for developmental trends

50
Q

cross-sectional study

A

group of participants in one specific time period - 3 hours e.g ten ppts aged 5 + 10 ppts aged 13 / comparing results

51
Q

Case studies

A

look at 1 individual or small group / gather qualitative data (rich in-depth) - unique data / different research methods are used / useful in revealing origins or abnormal behaviour - Little Hans / allows researcher to observe people in situations which we could not possibly have engineered - recovery from illness

52
Q

case studies - research methods

A

TRIANGULATION: surveys - questionnaires+interviews / case histories + background info of unique individual / observations / tests

53
Q

case studies - qual+quan data

A

generally gather qual data as in-depth, detailed rich+unique / sometimes quan from questionnaires(dates, age,how people they helped, how many years in jail), tests or secondary sources

54
Q

case studies - scientific or not

A

unscientific as focused on qual data / subjective when collecting case histories + qual data / data not easily measured / objectivity + measurable = scientific

55
Q

case studies - validity

A

valid as data is in-depth detailed rich data about one unique individual from as many sources as possible / data that is gather is likely to really be about the person / ecologically valid in the individuals natural setting

56
Q

case studies - reliability

A

unreliable - hard to replicate as unique to individual / situation unlikely to occur again / another researcher could find different results - researcher bias

57
Q

case studies - generalisability

A

hard to generalise to other people + situations / about one unique person or small group / hard to replicate so hard to generalise findings however it can be done as there are similar cases conducted / Little Hans

58
Q

case studies triangulation

A

data from a wide range of sources - from different research methods then comparing / helps make study more scientific / same data gathered means increase in validity + replicability /

59
Q

case studies - strengths

A

gather qual data - valid / eco validity high - natural setting / good way to collect data in sensitive or unique situations - no manipulation of the IV e.g Genie was researched using a case study method as a lot of data was needed to make sense of a complex situation

60
Q

case studies - weaknesses

A

unreliable - hard to replicate / can’t generalise - unique individual - unique situation / hard to build a body of knowledge

61
Q

Freud’s case studies

A

one unique individual / gather qualitative data / research methods different from general case studies / used case studies to build body of knowledge + research method + therapy / individuals in Freud’s case studies are his clients+patients - analysand rather than patient

62
Q

Freud’s case studies: research methods

A

Free association / Dream+symbol analysis / slip of the tongue

63
Q

Freud’s case studies: free association

A

stream of consciousness to reveal unconscious thoughts through observing what words go together

64
Q

Freud’s case studies: dream + symbol analysis

A

manifest content hides the latent content via symbols + analysing the symbol revealing the unconscious desires

65
Q

Freud’s case studies: Slip of the tongue

A

making mistakes can reveal unconscious thoughts - breast friend = best friend

66
Q

Freud’s case studies: evaluation - strengths

A

research method - drew conclusions about his theories + used them as evidence (Little Hans) / therapeutic use - psychoanalysis cured person / uses different methods to uncover unconscious desires which is impossible through conventional means - free association … / evidence is valid - comes directly from individual (measures what it claims to measure) / dreams + stream of consciousness directly analysed

67
Q

Freud’s case studies: evaluation - weaknesses

A

carried out on neurotic patients (therapeutic) - can’t be done on psychotic patients - sample bias / unscientific - concepts studied not measurable - id ego unconscious / subjective - Freud’s interpretation / unreliable - can’t replicate - one unique individual - analysis carrier out by one therapist

68
Q

Freud Vs general case studies - similarities

A

focus on qualitative data / gathering rich in-depth data from one person

69
Q

Freud Vs general case studies - differences

A

Freud: special research methods (free association+dream,symbol analysis+slip of the tongue) / using both as research method and a therapy

Psychology unit 2 (3 decks)

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