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psychodynamic approach Flashcards

1
Q

give some context about sigmund freud

A

hes from austria
he published his first ever research report on the sex organs of eels.
he was specialised in studying the brain and the nervous system

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2
Q

what did Freud consider about the unconscious

A

how unconscious biological drives and desires influence our conscious mind and behaviour

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3
Q

what did Ernst Brucke say about humans

A

they are energy systems and must follow law of conservation of energy according to the law of thermodynamics - “energy cant be created or destroyed, only moved or transformed”

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4
Q

what did Freud convert Bruckes ideas to

A

psychodynamics

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5
Q

what is psychodynamics

A

the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states

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6
Q

what is libido

A

psychological energy

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7
Q

what happened to Anna O

A

Joseph Brewer was trying to treat Anna O who suffered from a range of symptoms. she was unable to talk about or explain where her symptoms may have originated

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8
Q

when was Anna able to talk about her symptoms

A

when in a dreamy, hypnotic state

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9
Q

what did many of Annas memories relate to

A

childhood

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10
Q

what did Freud propose about Annas memories

A

her memories from childhood must be painful, perhaps traumatic and therefore no longer accessible to the conscious mind. the physical symptoms were relayed to the psychological issues

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11
Q

if memories are no longer accessible in the conscious mind, where are they found and how do they get there

A

in the unconscious. the psychic energy from the trauma had been pushed into the unconscious and manifested itself as physical symptoms

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12
Q

what did freud propose about childhood memories

A

events occuring in childhood can remain in the unconscious and greatly influence our life as adults

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13
Q

what did freud say about the mind

A

“the mind is like an iceberg with once seventh of its bulk above water”

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14
Q

how is the mind similar to an iceberg

A

the tip of the iceberg (above water) refers to the conscious mind - what we are aware of at any one time
just underwater but partly visible (sometimes see it) refers to the preconscious - thoughts that may become conscious at some point through dreams and slips of the tongue
largest part of the iceberg (under the surface) refers to the unconscious mind (can’t see) - the part we are unaware of

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15
Q

why is the unconscious significant

A

the most significant part in influencing and shaping our behaviour

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16
Q

what is one role of the unconcious

A

it is the driving, motivating force behind our behaviour and personality
- it contains our biological instincts and drives which control our behaviour for e.g survival and sexual instincts

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17
Q

what is another role of the unconscious

A

it protects the conscious self from trauma and conflict

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18
Q

what are freudian slips

A

when we make a mistake in our speech that reveals our unconcious thoughts and desires

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19
Q

what do freudian slips provide an insight into

A

the underlying desires of our unconscious

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20
Q

what does the unconscious do to traumatic memories

A

memories or ideas that are too painful or too much for the conscious mind to deal with are placed in the unconscious

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21
Q

what is one way to catch a glimpse of our unconcious mind

A

through dreams

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22
Q

why can dreams provide an insight into our unconsious

A

events in our dreams are symbolic and give us insight into the unconscious meaning behind them. if some of our anxieties and worries have been repressed our of the unconscious mind they may show themselves in our minds

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23
Q

what is the structure of personality sometimes referred to as

A

the tripartite structure of personality

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24
Q

what does the personality consist of

A

the id, ego and superego

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25
Q

what are the structures of personality always doing

A

always in constant conflict with eachother and this interaction determines our behaviour

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26
Q

what is the id

A

the pleasure principle

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27
Q

describe the id

A

only the id is present at birth, entirely unconcioud demands instant gratification or immediate satisfaction. it drives you to act on your urges and desires without restraint, to fulfil your drives for things

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28
Q

what are the two types of instinct

A

the survival and sexual instincts

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29
Q

what drives the urges in the id

A

libido

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30
Q

what is the superego

A

morality principle

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31
Q

describe the superego

A

mainly in our unconscious but can influence our conscious thoughts. not born with a superego, it develops around 4-5 yrs (during phallic stages). it represents our morals, ideals and standards that we’ve internalised from parents, society etc.

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32
Q

what acts as our conscience and moral guide

A

the superego

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33
Q

what happens if we fail to live up to the expectations of the superego

A

we feel guilt or shame

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34
Q

how does the superego behave around the id

A

it tries to suppress the unacceptable urges of the id. when superego develops, it conflicts with the id’s demands

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35
Q

what is the ego

A

reality principle

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36
Q

describe the ego

A

controls the urges and desires so they are expressed in acceptable ways

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37
Q

when does the ego develop

A

after the id. as the child interacts more with the world the ego begins to develop.

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38
Q

what is the job of the ego

A

its job is to reduce the conflict between the two opposing forces of the id and the superego. acts as the mediator to balance the conflict.

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39
Q

what happens if the id or the superego are dominant

A

this can lead to anxiety and other psychological unhealthy states.

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40
Q

what happens if the id is dominant

A

highly impulsive, lacks self control and involved in criminal behaviour

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41
Q

what happens if the superego is dominant

A

judgemental, critical and self righteous, highly anxious and depressed at the failure to meet the morals, ideals and standards set by the superego

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42
Q

what is a healthy personality according to freud

A

a balance of the id and the superego

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43
Q

what does the ego do

A

moderates demands of the id and superego

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44
Q

what did Freud claim about the development of personality

A

it occurs in 5 stages

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45
Q

what are the psychosexual stages of development

A

These psychosexual stages capture the main growth points of a person from infancy to adulthood and focus on different facets of wants, needs, and desire.

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46
Q

what do the psychosexual stages of development emphasise

A

the importance of libido specifically the expression of sexual energy

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47
Q

when is libido active

A

at every stage but directed to different areas of the body

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48
Q

what are the psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

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49
Q

what is considered to be “normal development”

A

to pass through one stage successfully and onto the next

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50
Q

what occurs at every stage

A

a conflict that needs to be resolved

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51
Q

what is fixation

A

when an individual is stuck at a particular stage due to an unresolved conflict at one of the stages. therefore, the libido energy is stuck at that developmental stage

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52
Q

what are the consequences of fixation

A

Freud suggested that the child carries those behaviours or conflicts from that stage through to adult life

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53
Q

what happens at the oral stage

A

the first stage occuring from birth till about approximately 18 months. during this stage, a baby’s libido is focused on the mouth. this is the first area associated with pleasure and satisfaction because of feeding.

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54
Q

give examples of an individual in the oral stage of development

A

The baby derives immense satisfaction from engaging in oral activities such as sucking, biting, breastfeeding, and chewing various objects, satisfying their inherent desires.
During the oral stages, the baby gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido.
An example of this stage is an infant who gains pleasure from sucking on a pacifier or bottle. This gives them satisfaction and helps them learn about their environment.

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55
Q

what is the conflict that needs to be resolved in the oral stage

A

weaning - the child must be less dependant on the caregiver for food and transition to other foods.

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56
Q

what did freud theorize about the experiences during the oral stage

A

they significantly influence personality development.
For instance, he suggested that a child underfed or frustrated during feedings might become a pessimistic, envious, and suspicious adult.
On the other hand, a child who is overfed or overly gratified could become optimistic, gullible, and full of admiration.

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57
Q

what can happen if a person is fixated on the oral stage

A

a person fixated on the oral stage may engage in excessive eating, smoking, nail-biting, or becoming overly talkative, symbolizing the continued fulfillment of oral needs.
We see oral personalities around us, such as smokers, nail-biters, over-eaters, and thumb-suckers. Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors, particularly when under stress.

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58
Q

what happens at the anal stage

A

The anal stage is the second stage of psychosexual development happens between the ages of 18 months and three years. During the anal stage, the libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating and urinating.

59
Q

give an example of an individual in the anal stage of development

A

An example of this stage would be a child who takes pleasure in controlling and releasing their bowels.

60
Q

what is the conflict that needs to be resolved in the anal stage

A

toilet training - parents need to enable their child to develop and control and independance. adults can impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate.

61
Q

what can happen if a person is fixated on the anal stage

A

Unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage can lead to problems later on, such as excessive cleanliness, stubbornness, or a need for control.

62
Q

what are the two outcomes for the way parents potty train their kids

A

Early or harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality who hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual, and respectful of authority. They can be stubborn and tight-fisted with their cash and possessions. This is all related to the pleasure of holding on to their feces when toddlers and their mum insist they get rid of it by placing them on the potty until they perform!

The anal-expulsive personality underwent a liberal toilet-training regime during the anal stage. In adulthood, the anal expulsive is the person who wants to share things with you. They like giving things away. An anal-expulsive personality is also messy, disorganized, and rebellious.

63
Q

what happens in the phallic stage of development

A

The phallic stage, which spans ages three to five, is the third phase of psychosexual development, This period is marked by the child’s libido focusing on their genitals as the primary source of pleasure. In this stage, children become increasingly aware of their bodies, exhibiting a heightened interest in their own genitals and those of the opposite sex.

64
Q

what is the conflict in the phallic stage

A

Additionally, their understanding of anatomical sex differences begins to form, sparking a complex mixture of emotions – erotic attraction, rivalry, jealousy, resentment, and fear

65
Q

what is the collective term for the sparking of differing emotions in the phallic stage

A

the oedipus complex in boys and the electra complex in girls

66
Q

how is the conflict in the phallic stage resolved

A

This period of conflict is resolved through identification, where children start adopting the characteristics of their same-sex parent.

67
Q

what is the basis of the oedipus and electra complex

A

the child sees their same sex parent as a threat and rival for their opposite sex parents affection.

68
Q

what is the oedipus complex

A

In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or conflict arises because the boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother. He wants to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so. Irrationally, the boy thinks that if his father were to find out about all this, his father would take away what he loves the most. During the phallic stage, what the boy loves most is his penis. Hence the boy develops castration anxiety.

69
Q

what is the result of castration anxiety according to freud

A

According to Freud, the fear of retaliation from the father (castration anxiety) eventually leads the boy to repress these incestuous desires and identify with the father, adopting his characteristics and values.

70
Q

how does the boy resolve the oedipus complex

A

The little boy then begins to resolve this problem by imitating, copying, and joining in masculine dad-type behaviors. This is called identification and is how the three-to-five-year-old boy resolves his Oedipus complex.

71
Q

what is identification

A

Identification means internally adopting another person’s values, attitudes, and behaviors. The consequence is that the boy takes on the male gender role, and adopts an ego ideal and values that become the superego.

72
Q

what is the electra complex

A

The Electra Complex, a component of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, suggests that during the phallic stage a girl unconsciously cultivates a sexual attraction towards her father, viewing her mother as a competitor. In essence, the girl covets her father, yet recognizes that she lacks a penis, leading to the phenomenon Freud labeled as ‘penis envy‘ and a subsequent wish to be male.

73
Q

how does the girl resolve the electra complex

A

This girl then ostensibly resolves her dilemma by repressing her desire for her father and replacing her yearning for a penis with a longing for a baby. During this process, the girl blames her mother for her ‘castrated state,’ generating significant tension. In order to alleviate this tension, she then represses her feelings and begins to identify with her mother, thereby adopting a traditional female gender role.

74
Q

what develops during the phallic stage

A

the superego
when the child identifes with their same sex parent through the resolution of the oedipus and electra complex, they go on to internalise the moral standards, values and characteristics of the same sex parent. identification with the same sex parent resolves the conflict and leads to normal development through the phallic stage

75
Q

what can happen if someone is fixated at the phallic stage

A

could potentially lead to future issues such as sexual dysfunction, problems with gender identity, or difficulties in forming relationships.
could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive.
In men, phallic fixation might result in anxiety about sexual performance, the need for reassurance and validation, or a tendency to be overly assertive or aggressive.
In women, fixation at the phallic stage could lead to a desire to dominate men, a rivalry with other women, or the need for male attention or approval.
men always looking for a mother figure and women always looking for a father figure.
can cause gender identity confusion

76
Q

what happens at the latency stage

A

The latency stage is the fourth stage of psychosexual development, spanning six years to puberty. In this stage, Freud believed sexual impulses are repressed, leading to a period of relative calm.
During this stage, children’s sexual impulses become suppressed (the libido is dormant), and no further psychosexual development occurs (latent means hidden).

77
Q

where is the focus in the latency stage

A

The focus shifts to other pursuits such as education, social relationships, and other skills necessary for successful adult life.
Children focus on developing social and intellectual skills, including school, friendships, and hobbies, instead of on sexual or romantic interest

78
Q

what did freud suggest about sexual impulses during the latency stage

A

Freud thought most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships.
Much of the child’s energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender.An example of this stage would be a child who engages in hobbies and interests rather than sexual activities.

79
Q

what is the conflict that needs to be resolved in the latency stage

A

it is generally calm however, defence mechanisms start to develop

80
Q

what can happen if a person is fixated at the latency stage

A

Difficulty expressing emotions or forming healthy relationships.
For instance, if a child fails to make strong social connections or falls behind academically during this stage, they may struggle with feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, and social isolation in adulthood.

81
Q

what happens at the genital stage

A

The Genital Stage is the fifth and final phase of Freud’s psychosexual development theory, beginning at puberty and lasting into adulthood.

82
Q

what happens to the libido in the genital stage

A

During this stage, the libido re-emerges after its latent period and is directed towards peers of the other sex, marking the onset of mature adult sexuality.
During this stage, individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly.
This period marks the onset of romantic and sexual emotions, leading to the formation of intimate relationships.

83
Q

where is the libido directed at in the genital stage

A

Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure, like during the phallic stage.

84
Q

give an example of individuals in the genital stage

A

a teenager who begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality. As they mature physically, they develop deeper romantic interests and sexual attractions toward others.
These feelings may lead to their first romantic relationship, or perhaps a crush on a peer. The teenager might also learn about sexual education and understand the importance of consent and safe sex.
They might experience emotional ups and downs as they navigate these new feelings and relationships. This stage isn’t just about sexual attraction, but also about forming meaningful emotional bonds with others.
Through their experiences, they better understand their own sexual identity and learn how to form mutually satisfying relationships.

85
Q

what is the conflict or fixation of the genital stage

A

no conflict or fixation
however it can be argued if individuals have unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage, it can lead to problems such as sexual dysfunction, difficulties forming healthy relationships, or other emotional problems.

86
Q

what do the development of the ego and superego do

A

they continue to control and balance the urges to help behaviour be appropiate to expectations of parents and society

87
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A

unconscious resources used by the ego to manage the conflict between the id and superego

88
Q

what do defence mechanisms do

A

help come to terms with conflict.

89
Q

why are defence mechanisms considered to be unhealthy

A

they often involve distortion of reality

90
Q

what is repression

A

where a distressing memory is forced out of the conscious mind into the unconscious mind

91
Q

what is an example of repression

A

a child abused by their parents may have no recollection of these events but have trouble forming relationships when they are older

92
Q

is repression conscious or unconcious

A

unconcious. however these repressed thoughts and impulses continue to influence behaviour without individuals being aware of the reasons behind their behaviour

93
Q

what is the difference between repression and suppression

A

repression is entirely unconscious - unwanted thoughts and desires are pushed out of awareness
suppression is consciously, intentionally trying to forget or not think about something

94
Q

what is denial

A

when you refuse to acknowledge some part of reality

95
Q

give an example of denial

A

you refuse to accept reality to avoid having to deal with any painful feelings that may be associated with the event

96
Q

what is displacement

A

when you transfer feelings from the true source of the distressing emotions onto a substitute target

97
Q

give an example of displacement

A

involves redirecting the thoughts of feelings in situations where the person feels unable to express them in the presence of the person they should be directed towards. they may take it out on something/someone else

98
Q

how can the psychodynamic approach have real life applications

A

in therapy

99
Q

what theory did Freud develop from his case studies

A

a theory to try and help people who were suffering from certain disorders. he believed what was behind many forms of mental illness were traumatic experiences from the past that had been repressed (forced into their unconscious mind)

100
Q

what was Freuds therapy called

A

psychoanalysis or in other words the “talking therapy”

101
Q

what was the procedure of psychoanalysis

A

patients would lie down on his couch with Freud positioned out of sight behind them and patients were encouraged to talk without restraint. they said everything that came in their mind without holding any of it back.

102
Q

what is free association

A

Free association is the practice of allowing the patient to discuss thoughts, dreams, memories, or words, regardless of coherency. The patient is allowed to talk without pause in a stream of words.

103
Q

what did freud believe about free association

A

it would help bring to life some of the conflicts going on in the unconscious mind. whatever the patient said would be considered symbolic and have hidden meanings which would require analysis and interpretation by Freud himself

104
Q

what else did psychoanalysis involve

A

dream analysis

105
Q

what happened in dream analysis

A

freud would listen to descriptions of the patients dreams and analyse their deeper desires and wishes in order to gain an insight into what was going on in their unconscious mind

106
Q

give an example of when dream analysis would be used

A

if a patient has lost their parent when they were very young but never really processed their experience - never really grieved and experienced that loss so never came to terms with it. it was repressed.

107
Q

what would happen after unconscious conflicts were brought to light as a result of dream analysis

A

patients experienced catharsis

108
Q

what is catharsis

A

the process of releasing strong or repressed emotions which as result provides relief

109
Q

real life applications (conluding statement)

A

therefore, it could argued that the PDA has made a significant contribution to our understanding of human behaviour because psychonanalysis not only attempted to help people with mental disorders in Freuds day but in doing so made a significant contribution towards psychotherapy in modern day psychiatry

110
Q

how has freud laid the foundation for future theories

A

his ideas have had a lasting impact shaping various theories of human behaviour

111
Q

what did freud mainly focus on

A

early childhood experiences and in particular the significant role that our relationships with our parents can have in influencing and shaping who we become and how we behave in the future

112
Q

how was John Bowlby influenced by Freud

A

he developed a theory about the importance of the childs attachment to their parents

113
Q

what is Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Theory

A

children who are deprived of a continuous loving relationship with their mother in their first two years of life will suffer lasting consequences in later life such as in their intellect, relationships with others and even criminal behaviour

114
Q

foundation for future theories (concluding statement)

A

whilst freuds ideas can certainly be questioned, it could be argued that his theory should be recognised for the impact it has had in influencing many modern theories of human behaviour

115
Q

what is many of the psychodynamic approachs supporting evidence based on

A

case studies which are in depth analysis of an individual or small group of people

116
Q

what did the case study of Little Hans provide supporting evidence for

A

the oedipus complex

117
Q

what happened to Little Hans

A

at the age of 5 he developed a phobia of horses after watching one collapse outside his home. Hans father sought freuds help to treat his sons phobia

118
Q

how often did freud consult with little hans

A

his direct involvement was very limited as he had only met him twice with the majority of the information and insight coming from Little Hans father

119
Q

what incidents did hans father report about him

A

3 yrs - very interested in his widdler, his mother threatened to take him to the doctors to have it cut off to castrate him if he didnt stop playing with it

120
Q

why would the pleasure little hans gained from his penis be repressed

A

because of fear of castration.

121
Q

why did little hans develop a fear of horses

A

little hans saw a horse collapse outside and die causing him a great deal of anxiety

122
Q

what happened to little hans at 4 yrs old

A

he developed a fear for horses and specifically of a white horse that would bite him . hans father also reported that hans commented on the size of a widdler of a horse compared to his own. his fear developed often to the point where he often did not want to leave his home

123
Q

what happened as little hans phobia for horses developed

A

he had a conflict with his father as his father was opposed to little hans getting into bed to cuddle with his mum

124
Q

what happened to little hans at 5 yrs

A

his phobia of horses reduced but focused on white horses and specifically those who wore blinkers and a noseband

125
Q

when did little hans phobia end

A

after some dreams and fantasies one in which was a dream of little hans having loads of children. his own mother was the mother of these kids and his own father was the grandad of these kids

126
Q

what did freud interpret from little hans case

A
  • his fear of horses was symbolic of his fear for his father (something he repressed)
  • his fear of white horses wearing blinkers and a noseband was symbolic of Hans father (who had pale skin, moustache and glasses)
  • his fear of horses was symbolic of his fear of castration
  • his dreams and fantasies was symbolic of the conflict lh experienced with his father because he desired his mother
127
Q

how was the conflict little hans experienced with his father resolved

A

through Hans replacing his father in the fantasy and eventually identifying with his father and becoming like him

128
Q

give one reason why the research methods for the PDA are limited

A

based on case studies

129
Q

why is the use of a case study limited

A

using an ideographic approach which focuses on indepth study of individuals particularly those with unusual cases means the findings are difficult to generalise to other people. case study research is also limited in its ability to make universal laws about human behaviour

130
Q

why is the PDA based on unscientific evidence

A

freuds investigations are highly subjective which means they are based on his personal interpretation and opinion of what is going on in a persons unconscious mind - something we cannot objectively measure

131
Q

what is one key feature of the scientific research

A

falsifiability

132
Q

what is falsifiability

A

in order for a theory to be scientific it has to have the possibility of being shown to be false or incorrect. so science doesnt just find ways to prove theories, they also find evidence to disprove them

133
Q

why is the PDA seen as unfalsifiable

A

there is no way to falsify and disprove the theory

134
Q

which approaches does the PDA highly contrast with in terms of scientific research methods

A

the behaviourist approach with its objective falsifiable research of BF skinner
the biological approaches investigation of the human brain through brain scanning technology

135
Q

research methods (concluding sentence)

A

it could be argued that the PDA explanation of human behaviour is severely questionable particularly in contrast to other approaches because of the poor quality of evidence

136
Q

why is the PDA criticised for being highly deterministic

A

they see all behaviour as being caused by unconscious forces and so as a result we have no free will to change our behaviour. it is outside our control

137
Q

what did Freud suggest about free will

A

it is an illusion. we think we are making free choices but actually we are unaware of all the unconcious forces that are driving and influencing the way we behave for e.g repressed memories may be related to struggles with anxiety or certain mental disorders

138
Q

how does the PDA remove responsibility and accountability for peoples actions

A

if their behaviour is caused by some internal factor outside their control it means its not down to them and their choices, its because of their unconcious forces that they are unaware of

139
Q

deterministic debate (concluding sentence)

A

therefore, the pda is rather limited in this regard because of its deterministic view of behaviour

140
Q

how can the psychodynamic approach be compared with the humanistic approach (1)

A

Psychodynamic
- has a pessimistic negative view of behaviour. it focuses on whats gone wrong during the psychosexual stages of development and how fixation on a particular stage has led to negative consequences as an adult

humanistic
- optimistic view on human behaviour. focuses on personal growth and believes in factors such as motivation influencing a persons behaviour

141
Q

comparisons of pda and hum (2)

A

pda
- human personality is in conflict

hum
- humans can achieve their full potential

142
Q

comparisons of pda and hum (3)

A

pda
- behaviour is caused and determined by unconscious forces which means we lack any control

hum
- puts a large emphasis on the role of free will with our ability to be active and make choices to improve ourselves

143
Q

comparisons (concluding sentence)

A

therefore, the psychodynamic approach is rather limited in this regard due to its ovelry negative view on human behaviour

approaches (8 decks)

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