Psychodynamic Approach Flashcards
What are the three asumptions in the psychodynamic approach?
-Behaviour can be explained by the tripartite model of personality
-Behaviour can be explained by the unconscious mind
-Behaviour is influenced by childhood experiances
What are the three parts of the tripartite model of personality + roles?
-ID, runs on the pleasure principle
-Superego,runs on the morality principle
-Ego-runs on the reality principle
What are personality traits of a dominant superego?
Submissive,honest and guilable
What are the personality traits of a dominant ID?
Selfish,demanding and impulsive
What are the three parts of the mind?
Conscious,subconscious and unconscious
What is contained in the unconscious mind?
Repressed thoughts and feelings such as violence
What are four ways of accessing the uncoscious mind?
Parapraxis,dream analysis,inkblot test and work association
According to dream analysis, what does falling suggest?
A feeling of losing control
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconscious stratergies created by the ego to manage the conflict between the ID and superego
What are three examples of defence mechanisms?
Repression,displacement and projection
What does diplacement mean?
Redirecting an unacceptable feeling from the original source to a more safer target
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral,Anal,Phallic,Latency and Genital
When do the psychosexual development stages take place?
-Oral=0 to 18 months
-Anal=18months to 3yrs
-Phallic=3 to 5 yrs
-Latency=5yrs to puberty
-Genital=Puberty to adolesence
What is meant by frustration?
When the stage hasn’t been resolved because the needs are not met, the child is under satisfied
What is meant be overindulgence?
The needs of the child have been more than satisfied, and the result is the child feels too comfortable or reluctant to move onto the next stage
Who does the oedipus complex happen to and what does it lead to?
Boys and it results in the development of the superego
Who does the electra complex happen to and what does it lead to?
Girls and it results in the development of the superego
What is the therapy of the psychodynamic approach?
Dream analysis
What are the components of dream analysis therapy?
Dreams as wish fufillment, symbolic nature, dreamwork and role of the therapist
What are the aims of dream analysis?
-Reveal the unconscious and bring it to the conscious
-Uncover latent content by examining manifest content
-Offer insights that allow psychological issues to be resolved
What does dreams as wish fufillment mean?
Wishes are fufilled as dreams because the wishes could not be satisfied by the conscious mind
How do dreams protect the sleeper?
By allowing the expression of desired urges which have consequences in reality e.g violence
What is manifest content?
What people are able to recall from their dreams
What is latent content?
The hidden/real meaning behind the dream
What does the symbolic nature of dreams mean?
Unfulfilled dreams and urges are expressed symbolically in dreams
What is dreamwork?
The process of transforming the latent content of a dream into the mainfest content
What are three techniques involved in dreamwork?
Condensation, displacement and symbolism
What is meant by condensation?
Condensing many different ideas into one dream
Give an example of condensation
A dream about someone’s partner and mother may be represented by their faces melting together
What is therapist’s role in dreamwork?
Decode the mainfest content of a dream to uncover the latent content
Is the therapist responsible for the final interpretation of the dream?
No the therapist offers potentional explanations and the patient chooses the one that is most suitable for them
What are effectiveness strengths and weaknesses of dream analysis?
Strengths-Research support
Weaknesses-Use of case studies,methodological issues
What are ethical issues in dream analysis?
False memory syndrome, emotional harm, and therapist–client relationship
What is research support of dream analysis?
Solmms used PET scans which results showed that the rational part of the brain is inactive during sleep. Whereas the centres concerened with memory and motivation are very active
What case study did Freud use for his research?
Dora who had a recoccuring dream of being awoken by her father to her house burning down
Why is the use of case studies a limitation?
Case studies focus on an individual or a small group meaning the results can’t been easily generalised to the target population, low population validity
Why is research support a strength?
It suggests that there is some scientific basis for the theory that underpins dream analysis
What is the classical research of the psychodynamic approach?
Bowlby’s 44 thieves
Define maternal deprivation
When a child has formed an attachment with their primary caregiver but it is the lost due to lengthy, permanent seperation
When is the critical period for a child to form an attachment with a primary caregiver?
2 1/2 years
What did bowlby argue was the cause of delinquent behaviour?
Seperation from the mother
How many participants were in Bowlby’s case study?
88 children aged (5-17yrs)
Who was the experimental group of Bowlby’s research
-44 thieves (they had all been caught stealing)
-Aged 5 to 17 yrs
-31 boys and 13 girls
Who was the contol group of Bowlby’s research?
44 children from Bowlby’s clinic who had not stolen
What was the procedure in Bowlby’s research?
-Children given IQ tests and their emotional attitudes were noted (by a psychologist_
-Mothers were interviewed and asked about the children’s early psychiatric history (by a social worker)
-The psychologist and social worker reported to Bowlby
-Both mother and child were then interviewed by Bowlby
What was the sampling method in Bowlby’s research and where was it taken from?
Opportunity sampling and Bowlby’s clinic
What was the character types found from Bowlby’s research?
Normal, depressed, circular, hyperthermic, affectionless and schizoied
What was the most and least popular character types in Bowlby’s research (with numbers)?
Affectionless~14
Normal~2
Out of 14 affectionless character types how many experianced frequent seperations from their mother?
12
Out of the 30 non-affectionless thieves how many experianced seperations from the mother?
3
How many out of the affectionless character types were grade 4 thieves?
13
What are four conclusions made from Bowlby’s research?
-Bowlby doubt a law-abiding affectionless character exists
-Affectionless thieves have distinctivally early prolonged seperation from their mother
-Children who steel are of an affectionless character, which resulted from prolonged seperation from their mother
-Bowlby argued through steeling, children hopes for emotional satisfaction to compensate from prolonged seperation
What are methodolgical issues of Bowlby’s research?
No causual findings, biased data and the sample
What are ethical issues of Bowlby’s research?
Lack of informed consent and no confidentiality
What is an educational social impications of Bowlby’s research?
Schools/nurseries have interventions for children with poor attachment
What is a workplace social implication of Bowlby’s research?
Offering maternal/paternal leave
or
Mothers may avoid returning to work after bith
What is a health social implication of Bowlby’s resarch?
Hospitals ensure there is skin on skin contant
or
Visiting hours to see children in hospital
What is the debate for the psychodynamic approach?
The mother as the primary caregiver (PCG)
What are the themes for mother as PCG?
Feeding, influence on future relationships and stay at home vs day care
What is the example for mother as PCG for feeding?
NHS states that infants should be breastfeed for first six months of life to promote the health of the infant
Whata is an implication of mother as PCG for feeding?
Mothers who do not or cannot breastfeed may feel inadequate as mothers
What is an example against mother as PCG for feedinng?
Harlow’s study with a baby monkey,wire monkey and cloth monkey(which fed the moneky) showed that providing food is not as vital as providing comfort
What is Bowlby’s monotropic theory?
It suggests that the attachment between a mother and the child is the most vital
What is the exanple for mother as PCG for influence on future relationships?
Bowlby’s 44 thieves which showed that 13/14 affectionless children experianced maternal deprevation
Why was the example for mother as PCG for influence on future relationships critisced?
Bowlby conducted the interviews himself and diagnosed the children. This may mean the results could biased
What is an ethical implication for mother as PCG for influence on future relationships?
Mothers may become reluctant to return to work after birth to prevent affecting their child’s future relationships=this will support stereotypes
What is the example against mother as PCG for influence on future relationships?
Zimmermen assessed the attachment type between a mother and their child as a baby and as an adolesent. His study found that there is very little relationship between infant attachment and the attachment as adolescents
What does zimmermen’s study contradict?
Bowlby’s internal working model(IWM)
What is Bowlby’s internal working model mean(IWM)?
It suggest that the relationship between us and our parents creates a template for future relationships that we will have
What is a social implication for against mother as PCG for influence on future relationships?
This may cause mothers to lose interest in forming an attachment with their children
What does an average day care class cost in some areas?
£4 to £12
What is a social impliaction for mother as PCG for day care vs stay at home?
High prices of day care classes may cause parents to be forced to stay home with their children which has an affect on the economy
Is the psychodynamic approach deterministic or free will, and why?
Deterministic
tripartite model of personality
Is the psychodynamic approach reductionist or holist, and why?
Reductionist
Freud explained behaviour in terms of how we progress through childhood
What are applications of the psychodynamic approach?
Dream analysis
Is the psychodynamic approach idiographic or nomothetic?
Both
Why is the psychodynamic approach both idiographic and nomothetic?
Nomothetic~ developed the psychosexual staged and tripartite personality + applied to everyone
Idiographic~ Emphasis on subjective and unique experiances of an individual
Is the psychodynamic approach nature or nurture?
Both
Why is the psychodynamic approach interactionist?
Nature~Freud belived the ID is present at birth and it is the biological aspect of our personality
Nurtue~Personality and behaviour is influenced by childhood experiances
Is the psychodynamic approach scientific or unscientific, and why?
Unscientific~Uses subjective viewpoints
