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Psychodynamic and Existential Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different Psychodynamic Psychotherapies?

A

Freudian psychoanalysis
Jung’s analytical psychology
Adler’s individual psychology
and the object-relations approaches.

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2
Q

Freudian psychoanalysis reflects a _______________and _________ view of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to conflicts that arose during _______. It also assumes that these _______cause anxiety and are the result of the _________of the three aspects of personality – the id, ego, and superego:

A

Deterministic
pessimistic

childhood

unconscious unresolved Conflicts

Divergent demands

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3
Q

The id is present at birth, and its ________and _______ instincts are the primary source of _______energy.

A

life (sexual)
death (aggression)
psychic

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4
Q

The id operates according to the _______ principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using _____________.

A

pleasure

unconscious irrational means

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5
Q

The ego develops at about _______of age and operates according to the. ____________. Although it also seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts, it attempts to do so in realistic rational ways.

A

six months
reality principle

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6
Q

(c) The superego is the last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of _______ values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to _________(rather than gratify) the id’s instincts.

A

society’s
permanently block

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7
Q

Freud’s theory also proposes that, when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using _________means, it resorts to one of its _______________.

A

rational
defense mechanisms

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8
Q

According to Freud, The defense mechanisms ____________and operate on an ___________ level, and they include 1-5

A

deny or distort reality

unconscious

repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation

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9
Q

According to Freud, ________ is the ______ of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping _________ thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness.

A

Repression

basis

undesirable

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10
Q

According to Freud, denial is an ___________mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality. Methods of denial include ignoring, _______, and rejecting reality.

A

immature defense
distorting

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11
Q

According to Freud, Reaction formation involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by

A

expressing its opposite

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12
Q

According to Freud, sublimation involves channeling an ___________into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor.

A

unacceptable impulse

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13
Q

According to Freud, the occasional use of defense mechanisms is ______, but repeated _________on them keeps a person from ________ the conflicts that are causing anxiety.

A

adaptive
reliance

resolving

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14
Q

The main goals of Freudian psychoanalysis are “to make the ___________ and to __________so that behavior is based more on ______ and less on __________ cravings and irrational guilt” (Corey, 2016, p. 26).

A

unconscious conscious
strengthen the ego

reality

instinctual

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15
Q

The primary technique of psychoanalysis is analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference, and the process of analysis consists of four steps (Greenson, 2016):

A

Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
working through

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16
Q

In Psychoanalysis,_____________involves helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of and their possible cause.

A

Confrontation

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17
Q

In psychoanalysis, ___________ brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by _______ important details from _________ material.

A

Clarification

separating

extraneous

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18
Q

_____________ involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes.

A

Interpretation

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19
Q

In Psychoanalysis, _______________leads to __________ (the experience of repressed emotions) and ________ into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior

A

Repeated interpretation

catharsis

insight

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20
Q

In psychoanalysis, __________ a gradual process during which the client ______ and ________ new insights into his/her life.

A

Working through

accepts

integrates

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21
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology: Jung accepted some aspects of Freudian theory but ______ others. For example, Jung believed that behavior is driven by both _______and negative forces, that personality _________ throughout the lifespan, and that behavior is affected by the past and the _______.

A

rejected

Positive
Develops
Future

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22
Q

Jung also divided the unconscious aspect of the psyche into the ________________:

A

personal and collective unconscious

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23
Q

According to Jung, the _______consists of a person’s own _________ or _______ memories

A

collective personal

forgotten

repressed

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24
Q

According to Jung, ________ consists of ______ that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next.

A

memories

collective unconscious

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25
Q

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains_______, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in ______________. They’re expressed in _______, ________, _________and include the ________, _____, hero, and ____________.

A

Myths, symbols, and dreams.
persona
shadow
archetypes
similar ways in certain circumstances
anima and animus

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26
Q

According to Jung, The primary goal of analytical psychotherapy is to bring the material into __________ to facilitate the process of ____________, which occurs primarily during the _____ half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological _______,’ that is, a separate, _________” (Jung, 1968, p. 275).

A

unconscious

consciousness

individuation

second

‘in-dividual

indivisible unity or whole

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27
Q

Techniques used to achieve Jung’s concept of __________ include dream ___________ and the analysis of ________, which Jung viewed as being due to the ________________________

A

individualization

interpretation

transference

projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious.

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28
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology: Adler, like Jung, also rejected some aspects of Freudian theory. For instance, he replaced Freud’s sexual instincts with ___________and adopted a __________approach that emphasizes the effects of ____________behavior.

A

an innate social interest and desire for social connectedness
teleological
future goals on current

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29
Q

Alder also proposed that people are motivated by _________ that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies and by a ____________ to overcome inferiority feelings.

A

feelings of inferiority
striving for superiority

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30
Q

Adler used the term _________ to describe the ways in which a person strives for _____________and proposed that a person’s style of life develops during __________.

A

style of life

superiority

early childhood

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31
Q

According to Adler, people have adopted a ______ style of life when their goals reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the___________. In contrast, they’ve adopted a mistaken ___________style of life when their goals focus on _____________and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others.

A

healthy
well-being of others

unhealthy

overcompensating for feelings of inferiority

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32
Q

From the alderian perspective, neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other problems are manifestations of a ___________of life.

A

mistaken style

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33
Q

The primary goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to replace the client’s ________style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of _______and develop a stronger __________.
Strategies used to achieve this goal include ______________, dream analysis, and having clients act “as if” they’re already the _________they want to be.

A

Mistaken
inferiority
social interest
identifying early recollections
people

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34
Q

An important concept in object relations theory is ______________, which refers to the development of __________of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to _____the individual’s needs.

A

object constancy
mental representations (introjects)

satisfy

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35
Q

According to Mahler (Mahler, Pine, & Bergman, 1975), the development of ___________ takes place during which three stages:

A

object constancy

1) The normal autistic stage
2) Normal Symbiotic stage
3) The separation-individuation stage

36
Q

________first object constancy stage, _________ occurs during the first few weeks of life. During this stage, infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the ________environment.

A

Mahler’s

normal autistic stage
external

37
Q

__________2nd object constancy stage normal autistic stage is followed by the __________ during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to ___________themselves from their caregivers.

A

Mahler’s

normal symbiotic stage
differentiate

38
Q

Mahler’s last stage, _______ stage begins at about five months of age and continues until the child is about ______years old.

A

separation-individuation
three

39
Q

Mahler’s last object constancy stage of ________________, consists of four substages during which object constancy gradually develops. They are:

A

separation-individuation

Differentiation
Practicing
Rapprochement
Beginning of object constancy.

40
Q

According to _______ and other object relations theorists, narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders are often due to problems during the ________process that cause a pervasive failure of ____________.

A

Mahler

separation-individuation
object constancy

41
Q

The primary goal of object relations therapy is to provide clients with a _____________in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current _________. Object-relations therapists provide clients with ____________acceptance and use a number of psychoanalytic strategies in therapy including the analysis of _____________.

A

corrective reparenting experience

relationships

Empathetic
resistance and transference

42
Q

Humanistic, Existential, and Other Psychotherapies can consist of:

A

1) humanistic therapies (person-centered
2) Gestalt therapies)
3) Existential therapies
4) Reality therapy
5) Positive psychology
6) Personal construct therapy

43
Q

The humanistic and existential therapies are sometimes categorized _______as humanistic-existential therapies. However, while the two approaches share a number of similarities, they also differ in important ways (Jones-Smith, 2019; Winston, 2015): In terms of similarities, humanistic and existential therapies both focus on the __________and adopt a ______________, which means they prioritize a client’s _______experience over objective reality.

A

jointly
here-and-now
phenomenological orientation
subjective

44
Q

They also reject the _______and use of clinical _____ and, consequently, concentrate on a client’s ________and __________rather than the client’s symptoms.

A

medical model

labels

internal qualities
perspective

45
Q

Humanistic therapies emphasize _____________and help clients become more fully-functioning and ______. In contrast, existential therapies _______________and “help clients confront the _________ that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic ______________with one’s world” (Winston, 2019, p. 45).

A

acceptance and growth
self-actualizing
emphasize freedom and responsibility

anxieties

engagement

46
Q

Rogers’s ________ therapy is also known as client-anxieties therapy and is based on the assumption that all people have an innate drive toward _____________, which motivates them to achieve their ______potential.

A

person-centered

self-actualization
full

47
Q

According to Rogers, the drive toward self-actualization can be thwarted when a person experiences incongruence between his/her ________________. Conditions of worth are one source of ____________and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways. According to Rogers, people often react to incongruence defensively by __________________which, in turn, leads to psychological maladjustment.

A

self-concept and experience
incongruence
distorting or denying their experiences

48
Q

The primary goal of person-centered therapy is to help the client become a ______________who is not defensive, is ______to ____ experiences, and is engaged in the process of ______________.

A

fully functioning person
open
new

self-actualization

49
Q

To achieve this goal, person-centered therapists provide clients with three facilitative (core) conditions:

A

Empathy
unconditional positive regards
congruence

50
Q

According to Rogers, empathy involves understanding the client’s perspective and _________that understanding to the client, unconditional ______ regard involves valuing and accepting the client as a person, and congruence involves being ____________

A

communicating

positive

genuine, authentic, and honest.

51
Q

Gestalt therapy is based on the assumptions that
(a) people are motivated to maintain a state of __________, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled ________and psychological needs, and
(b) people seek to obtain something from the ____________to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis.

A

Homeostasis
Physical
environment

52
Q

According to Gestalt, Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there’s a ______________in the boundary between the person and the environment that ________with the person’s ability to fulfill needs.

A

persistent disturbance
interferes

53
Q

Boundary disturbances in the Gestalt viewpoint include the following:

A

Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
Deflection
Confluence

54
Q

According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance called __________occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without ________ or awareness

A

Introjection

evaluation

55
Q

According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance called ___________occurs when people attribute ________ aspects of themselves to other people.

A

Projection

undesirable

56
Q

According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance of _________occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others

A

Retroflection

57
Q

According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance of __________occurs when people avoid contact with the environment.

A

Deflection

58
Q

According to Gestalt, the boundary distubrance__________occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others.

A

Confluence

59
Q

Gestalt therapists consider gaining ___________ of one’s ______thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy.

A

awareness
current

60
Q

Strategies used by Gestalt therapists to increase awareness include ________and the ___________technique.

A

dream work
empty chair

61
Q

Dream work involves having the client ____________parts of his/her ______ that represent _________of the client’s personality. The empty-chair technique requires the client to interact with ____________of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve ____________with a significant person in the client’s past or present.

A

role-play

dream

disowned parts
opposing aspects
“unfinished business”

62
Q

In contrast to psychodynamic therapists, Gestalt therapists do not a __________client’s transference but, instead, help the client distinguish between his/her _______________.

A

foster or interpret
“transference fantasy” and reality.

63
Q

Existential therapies were derived from existential philosophy and were developed by several psychiatrists and psychologists including ______________. These therapies emphasize personal responsibility and choice and are based on the assumption that ___________(Nigesh & Saranya, 2017, p. 112).

A

Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl
Each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence”

64
Q

Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as the result of an inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence

A

death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless (Yalom, 1980).

65
Q

Existential therapists distinguish between two types of anxiety (May, 1950):

A

Normal and Neurotic anxiety

66
Q

According to Existential therapists , ___________ is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, and can be used __________to identify and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change.

A

Norrmal (existential) anxiety
constructively

67
Q

According to Existential therapists, ___________is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.

A

neurotic anxiety

68
Q

The primary goal of Existential therapy is “to help clients lead more ________lives … by assisting them in taking ________of their life, helping them _________for themselves the values and purposes that will ______ and guide their existence, and supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes” (Corey, 2004, p. 84).

A

Authentic
Charge
Choose
Define

69
Q

Existential therapists consider an authentic _____________to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as _____________.

A

therapist-client relationship
questioning, interpretation, and reframing

70
Q

Glasser’s (1965) __________is based on ________theory, which proposes that people have five basic innate needs ____________ and that the ways
a person _________________determine whether he/she has a ____________identity

A

reality therapy
choice
love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival
chooses to fulfill his or her needs
success or failure

71
Q

In reality therapy, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs _________(in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a ________.

A

Responsibly
success identity

72
Q

In contrast, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs _________ (in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and do not always help the person get what he/she wants), the person has adopted a _____________.

A

Irresponsibly
Failure identity

73
Q

The primary goal of reality therapy is to replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume ___________for his or her actions and adopt more ____________to fulfill his or her needs.

A

Responsibility
appropriate ways

74
Q

Strategies used by reality therapists are summarized by Wubbolding’s (1998) WDEP system:
Therapists ask clients about their wants and needs determine what the client is currently doing to _________of his/her behaviors, encourage the client _________ his/her own behaviors, and help the client create a __________of action.

A

foster awareness
evaluate
plan

75
Q

Positive Psychology: As described by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000), positive psychology “is about____________:

___________ (in the past) and _________(for the future); and _____and happiness (in the present)” (p. 5).

A

valued subjective experiences

well-being, contentment, and satisfaction

hope and optimism

flow

76
Q

An important characteristic of positive psychology is its emphasis on using the _________method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions.

A

scientific

77
Q

An example of positive psychology researchers using scientific evidence is an investigation of positive emotions by _________the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing happiness and have investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to and sustain _______.

A

Evaluating
physical health

78
Q

An important component of positive psychology is Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model, which describes the five essential elements of well-being:

A

Positive emotions (P)
Engagement (E)
(R) relationships
(M) dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself. And accomplishment-achievement (Meaning)
(A) accomplish

79
Q

In positive psychology, (P) refers to

A

Positive emotions-experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions.

80
Q

In positive psychology E refers to

A

Engagement-being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of “flow” – i.e., a state of being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy and sense of fulfillment

81
Q

In positive psychology, (R) refers to

A

Relationships-having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships.

82
Q

In positive psychology, (M) refers to

A

to being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself. And accomplishment-achievement. (Meaning)

83
Q

In positive psychology, A refers to

A

Accomplishment-striving to better oneself and accomplish one’s goals.

84
Q

Personal Construct Therapy: Kelly’s (1963) personal construct therapy focuses on how people ______(perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. It proposes that there are alternative ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate ________and outcomes.

A

Construe
undesirable behaviors

85
Q

According to Kelly, construing involves the use of ______________, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an ____________level.

A

personal constructs
unconscious or conscious

86
Q

Practitioners of personal construct therapy consider the therapist and client to be __________to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs.

A

partners who work together

87
Q

As an example of client and therapist working together, Kelly developed ________therapy to help clients try out alternative ________. It involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways.

A

fixed-role
personal constructs

Clinical Psychology (1 decks)

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