Psychodynamic and Existential Therapies Flashcards
What are the different Psychodynamic Psychotherapies?
Freudian psychoanalysis
Jung’s analytical psychology
Adler’s individual psychology
and the object-relations approaches.
Freudian psychoanalysis reflects a _______________and _________ view of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to conflicts that arose during _______. It also assumes that these _______cause anxiety and are the result of the _________of the three aspects of personality – the id, ego, and superego:
Deterministic
pessimistic
childhood
unconscious unresolved Conflicts
Divergent demands
The id is present at birth, and its ________and _______ instincts are the primary source of _______energy.
life (sexual)
death (aggression)
psychic
The id operates according to the _______ principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using _____________.
pleasure
unconscious irrational means
The ego develops at about _______of age and operates according to the. ____________. Although it also seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts, it attempts to do so in realistic rational ways.
six months
reality principle
(c) The superego is the last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of _______ values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to _________(rather than gratify) the id’s instincts.
society’s
permanently block
Freud’s theory also proposes that, when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using _________means, it resorts to one of its _______________.
rational
defense mechanisms
According to Freud, The defense mechanisms ____________and operate on an ___________ level, and they include 1-5
deny or distort reality
unconscious
repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation
According to Freud, ________ is the ______ of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping _________ thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness.
Repression
basis
undesirable
According to Freud, denial is an ___________mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality. Methods of denial include ignoring, _______, and rejecting reality.
immature defense
distorting
According to Freud, Reaction formation involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by
expressing its opposite
According to Freud, sublimation involves channeling an ___________into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor.
unacceptable impulse
According to Freud, the occasional use of defense mechanisms is ______, but repeated _________on them keeps a person from ________ the conflicts that are causing anxiety.
adaptive
reliance
resolving
The main goals of Freudian psychoanalysis are “to make the ___________ and to __________so that behavior is based more on ______ and less on __________ cravings and irrational guilt” (Corey, 2016, p. 26).
unconscious conscious
strengthen the ego
reality
instinctual
The primary technique of psychoanalysis is analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference, and the process of analysis consists of four steps (Greenson, 2016):
Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
working through
In Psychoanalysis,_____________involves helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of and their possible cause.
Confrontation
In psychoanalysis, ___________ brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by _______ important details from _________ material.
Clarification
separating
extraneous
_____________ involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes.
Interpretation
In Psychoanalysis, _______________leads to __________ (the experience of repressed emotions) and ________ into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior
Repeated interpretation
catharsis
insight
In psychoanalysis, __________ a gradual process during which the client ______ and ________ new insights into his/her life.
Working through
accepts
integrates
Jung’s Analytical Psychology: Jung accepted some aspects of Freudian theory but ______ others. For example, Jung believed that behavior is driven by both _______and negative forces, that personality _________ throughout the lifespan, and that behavior is affected by the past and the _______.
rejected
Positive
Develops
Future
Jung also divided the unconscious aspect of the psyche into the ________________:
personal and collective unconscious
According to Jung, the _______consists of a person’s own _________ or _______ memories
collective personal
forgotten
repressed
According to Jung, ________ consists of ______ that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next.
memories
collective unconscious
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains_______, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in ______________. They’re expressed in _______, ________, _________and include the ________, _____, hero, and ____________.
Myths, symbols, and dreams.
persona
shadow
archetypes
similar ways in certain circumstances
anima and animus
According to Jung, The primary goal of analytical psychotherapy is to bring the material into __________ to facilitate the process of ____________, which occurs primarily during the _____ half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological _______,’ that is, a separate, _________” (Jung, 1968, p. 275).
unconscious
consciousness
individuation
second
‘in-dividual
indivisible unity or whole
Techniques used to achieve Jung’s concept of __________ include dream ___________ and the analysis of ________, which Jung viewed as being due to the ________________________
individualization
interpretation
transference
projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious.
Adler’s Individual Psychology: Adler, like Jung, also rejected some aspects of Freudian theory. For instance, he replaced Freud’s sexual instincts with ___________and adopted a __________approach that emphasizes the effects of ____________behavior.
an innate social interest and desire for social connectedness
teleological
future goals on current
Alder also proposed that people are motivated by _________ that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies and by a ____________ to overcome inferiority feelings.
feelings of inferiority
striving for superiority
Adler used the term _________ to describe the ways in which a person strives for _____________and proposed that a person’s style of life develops during __________.
style of life
superiority
early childhood
According to Adler, people have adopted a ______ style of life when their goals reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the___________. In contrast, they’ve adopted a mistaken ___________style of life when their goals focus on _____________and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others.
healthy
well-being of others
unhealthy
overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
From the alderian perspective, neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other problems are manifestations of a ___________of life.
mistaken style
The primary goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to replace the client’s ________style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of _______and develop a stronger __________.
Strategies used to achieve this goal include ______________, dream analysis, and having clients act “as if” they’re already the _________they want to be.
Mistaken
inferiority
social interest
identifying early recollections
people
An important concept in object relations theory is ______________, which refers to the development of __________of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to _____the individual’s needs.
object constancy
mental representations (introjects)
satisfy
According to Mahler (Mahler, Pine, & Bergman, 1975), the development of ___________ takes place during which three stages:
object constancy
1) The normal autistic stage
2) Normal Symbiotic stage
3) The separation-individuation stage
________first object constancy stage, _________ occurs during the first few weeks of life. During this stage, infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the ________environment.
Mahler’s
normal autistic stage
external
__________2nd object constancy stage normal autistic stage is followed by the __________ during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to ___________themselves from their caregivers.
Mahler’s
normal symbiotic stage
differentiate
Mahler’s last stage, _______ stage begins at about five months of age and continues until the child is about ______years old.
separation-individuation
three
Mahler’s last object constancy stage of ________________, consists of four substages during which object constancy gradually develops. They are:
separation-individuation
Differentiation
Practicing
Rapprochement
Beginning of object constancy.
According to _______ and other object relations theorists, narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders are often due to problems during the ________process that cause a pervasive failure of ____________.
Mahler
separation-individuation
object constancy
The primary goal of object relations therapy is to provide clients with a _____________in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current _________. Object-relations therapists provide clients with ____________acceptance and use a number of psychoanalytic strategies in therapy including the analysis of _____________.
corrective reparenting experience
relationships
Empathetic
resistance and transference
Humanistic, Existential, and Other Psychotherapies can consist of:
1) humanistic therapies (person-centered
2) Gestalt therapies)
3) Existential therapies
4) Reality therapy
5) Positive psychology
6) Personal construct therapy
The humanistic and existential therapies are sometimes categorized _______as humanistic-existential therapies. However, while the two approaches share a number of similarities, they also differ in important ways (Jones-Smith, 2019; Winston, 2015): In terms of similarities, humanistic and existential therapies both focus on the __________and adopt a ______________, which means they prioritize a client’s _______experience over objective reality.
jointly
here-and-now
phenomenological orientation
subjective
They also reject the _______and use of clinical _____ and, consequently, concentrate on a client’s ________and __________rather than the client’s symptoms.
medical model
labels
internal qualities
perspective
Humanistic therapies emphasize _____________and help clients become more fully-functioning and ______. In contrast, existential therapies _______________and “help clients confront the _________ that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic ______________with one’s world” (Winston, 2019, p. 45).
acceptance and growth
self-actualizing
emphasize freedom and responsibility
anxieties
engagement
Rogers’s ________ therapy is also known as client-anxieties therapy and is based on the assumption that all people have an innate drive toward _____________, which motivates them to achieve their ______potential.
person-centered
self-actualization
full
According to Rogers, the drive toward self-actualization can be thwarted when a person experiences incongruence between his/her ________________. Conditions of worth are one source of ____________and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways. According to Rogers, people often react to incongruence defensively by __________________which, in turn, leads to psychological maladjustment.
self-concept and experience
incongruence
distorting or denying their experiences
The primary goal of person-centered therapy is to help the client become a ______________who is not defensive, is ______to ____ experiences, and is engaged in the process of ______________.
fully functioning person
open
new
self-actualization
To achieve this goal, person-centered therapists provide clients with three facilitative (core) conditions:
Empathy
unconditional positive regards
congruence
According to Rogers, empathy involves understanding the client’s perspective and _________that understanding to the client, unconditional ______ regard involves valuing and accepting the client as a person, and congruence involves being ____________
communicating
positive
genuine, authentic, and honest.
Gestalt therapy is based on the assumptions that
(a) people are motivated to maintain a state of __________, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled ________and psychological needs, and
(b) people seek to obtain something from the ____________to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Physical
environment
According to Gestalt, Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there’s a ______________in the boundary between the person and the environment that ________with the person’s ability to fulfill needs.
persistent disturbance
interferes
Boundary disturbances in the Gestalt viewpoint include the following:
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
Deflection
Confluence
According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance called __________occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without ________ or awareness
Introjection
evaluation
According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance called ___________occurs when people attribute ________ aspects of themselves to other people.
Projection
undesirable
According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance of _________occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others
Retroflection
According to Gestalt, the boundary disturbance of __________occurs when people avoid contact with the environment.
Deflection
According to Gestalt, the boundary distubrance__________occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others.
Confluence
Gestalt therapists consider gaining ___________ of one’s ______thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy.
awareness
current
Strategies used by Gestalt therapists to increase awareness include ________and the ___________technique.
dream work
empty chair
Dream work involves having the client ____________parts of his/her ______ that represent _________of the client’s personality. The empty-chair technique requires the client to interact with ____________of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve ____________with a significant person in the client’s past or present.
role-play
dream
disowned parts
opposing aspects
“unfinished business”
In contrast to psychodynamic therapists, Gestalt therapists do not a __________client’s transference but, instead, help the client distinguish between his/her _______________.
foster or interpret
“transference fantasy” and reality.
Existential therapies were derived from existential philosophy and were developed by several psychiatrists and psychologists including ______________. These therapies emphasize personal responsibility and choice and are based on the assumption that ___________(Nigesh & Saranya, 2017, p. 112).
Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl
Each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence”
Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as the result of an inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence
death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless (Yalom, 1980).
Existential therapists distinguish between two types of anxiety (May, 1950):
Normal and Neurotic anxiety
According to Existential therapists , ___________ is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, and can be used __________to identify and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change.
Norrmal (existential) anxiety
constructively
According to Existential therapists, ___________is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.
neurotic anxiety
The primary goal of Existential therapy is “to help clients lead more ________lives … by assisting them in taking ________of their life, helping them _________for themselves the values and purposes that will ______ and guide their existence, and supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes” (Corey, 2004, p. 84).
Authentic
Charge
Choose
Define
Existential therapists consider an authentic _____________to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as _____________.
therapist-client relationship
questioning, interpretation, and reframing
Glasser’s (1965) __________is based on ________theory, which proposes that people have five basic innate needs ____________ and that the ways
a person _________________determine whether he/she has a ____________identity
reality therapy
choice
love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival
chooses to fulfill his or her needs
success or failure
In reality therapy, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs _________(in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a ________.
Responsibly
success identity
In contrast, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs _________ (in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and do not always help the person get what he/she wants), the person has adopted a _____________.
Irresponsibly
Failure identity
The primary goal of reality therapy is to replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume ___________for his or her actions and adopt more ____________to fulfill his or her needs.
Responsibility
appropriate ways
Strategies used by reality therapists are summarized by Wubbolding’s (1998) WDEP system:
Therapists ask clients about their wants and needs determine what the client is currently doing to _________of his/her behaviors, encourage the client _________ his/her own behaviors, and help the client create a __________of action.
foster awareness
evaluate
plan
Positive Psychology: As described by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000), positive psychology “is about____________:
___________ (in the past) and _________(for the future); and _____and happiness (in the present)” (p. 5).
valued subjective experiences
well-being, contentment, and satisfaction
hope and optimism
flow
An important characteristic of positive psychology is its emphasis on using the _________method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions.
scientific
An example of positive psychology researchers using scientific evidence is an investigation of positive emotions by _________the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing happiness and have investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to and sustain _______.
Evaluating
physical health
An important component of positive psychology is Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model, which describes the five essential elements of well-being:
Positive emotions (P)
Engagement (E)
(R) relationships
(M) dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself. And accomplishment-achievement (Meaning)
(A) accomplish
In positive psychology, (P) refers to
Positive emotions-experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions.
In positive psychology E refers to
Engagement-being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of “flow” – i.e., a state of being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy and sense of fulfillment
In positive psychology, (R) refers to
Relationships-having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
In positive psychology, (M) refers to
to being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself. And accomplishment-achievement. (Meaning)
In positive psychology, A refers to
Accomplishment-striving to better oneself and accomplish one’s goals.
Personal Construct Therapy: Kelly’s (1963) personal construct therapy focuses on how people ______(perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. It proposes that there are alternative ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate ________and outcomes.
Construe
undesirable behaviors
According to Kelly, construing involves the use of ______________, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an ____________level.
personal constructs
unconscious or conscious
Practitioners of personal construct therapy consider the therapist and client to be __________to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs.
partners who work together
As an example of client and therapist working together, Kelly developed ________therapy to help clients try out alternative ________. It involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways.
fixed-role
personal constructs
