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AQA Psychology - Approaches to Psychology > Psycho-dynamic approach > Flashcards

Psycho-dynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What does psychodynamic approach assume?

A

Behaviour is motivated by unconscious forces and has its origin unresolved, unconscious conflicts in early childhood

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2
Q

What did Sigmund Freud belive?

A

That childhood was extremely important and most behavior rooted from early experiences

Suggest people born with basic instincts and drives and behaviour is controlled by the unconscious mind

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3
Q

Components of the unconscious mind

A
  • Conscious
  • Sub-conscious
  • Unconscious
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4
Q

What is conscious?

A

Small amount of mental activity we are aware of about

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5
Q

Examples of conscious

A
  • Thoughts
  • Perceptions
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6
Q

What is sub-conscious?

A

Memories we could be aware or if we tried

access memories

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7
Q

Examples of subconscious

A

Memories

Stored knowledge

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8
Q

What is unconscious?

A

Memories we are not aware of

May be due to unresolved issue

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9
Q

Examples of unconscious

A
  • Fears
  • Unacceptable sexual desires
  • Violent motives
  • Irrational wishes
  • Immortal urges
  • Selfish needs
  • Shameful experiences
  • Traumatic experiences
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10
Q

Explain the role of the unconscious mind

A

Freud used to explain the role of the unconscious mind by using an iceberg

  • Concious - tip of iceberg
  • Sub-conscious - middle of iceberg (underwater)
  • Unconscious (end of iceberg)

He believed that everyday actions and behaviors are not controlled consciously but only from the parts of the unconscious mind

Believed that the mind prevents traumatic from reaching conscious awareness as it causes anxiety so mind uses defense mechanism to prevent this

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11
Q

What is the psyche made up of?

A
  • Ego
  • Id
  • Superego
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12
Q

What does Freud proposal comprising of id, ego and supergo?

A

Conflict in psyche could result in abnormal behaviour

e.g overdeveloped superego - create feelings of guilt resulting in anxiety disorders

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13
Q

What is ego?

A
  • Reality
  • Mediates between impulsive demands of the id and reality of external world/reality principle
    • e.g delay gratification of id until there is appropriate opportunity to satisfy demands
  • Comprise impulsive demands of id and moralistic demands of supergo
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14
Q

What is id?

A
  • Instics
  • Operates solely in the unconscious
  • Created libido - biological energy created by reproductive instincts
  • Operates on the pleasure principle
    • e.g immediate gratification is in demand if someone is hungry
  • If this is overdeveloped then leads to psychotic psyche e.g psychopaths
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15
Q

What is supergo?

A
  • Morality
  • This is divided into conscience and ego-ideal
  • Conscience is internalization of social rules which determine the behaviour are permissible and cause feeling of guilt and rules broken down
  • Strive towards by parental standards of good behaviour

If this is overdeveloped lead to neurotic psyche e.g anxiety

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16
Q

What are the three ego defence mechanisms?

A
  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Displacement
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17
Q

What is the description of repression?

A

Following a traumatic event the person’s mind tries to protect ego and pushes memory into the unconscious so that it is forgotten

Repressed memories cause abnormal thinking

18
Q

Example of repression

A
  • Child abuse
  • Car crash
  • Army (PTSD)
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
19
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusal to accept reality so avoid having to deal with painful feeling associated with event

20
Q

Example of denial

A

Alcoholic denies having a drinking problem after being arrested several times for being drunk and disorderly

21
Q

What is displacement?

A

This is re-directing thoughts or feelings

In this situations people are unable to express them in presence of people should be directed towards

Instead take hostile feelings to innocent person/object

22
Q

Example of displacement

A
  • Abuse
  • Mother telling you off in arguement and you slam the door
23
Q

Why is psychosexual stages of development important for child?

A

Helps for personality progresses in those 5 stages

and fixation in three main stages could lead to adult abnormality to due under gratification

24
Q

What happens at oral? ID

A

Infants explore the world using their mouths and putting objects into it

Feeds with love

e.g deprivation and forceful feeding can lead to a problem

25
Q

What is the consequence of the unresolved conflict in the oral? (ID)

A

Pleasure gained from oral activites, such as sucking , biting and eating

e.g smoking, chewing pens

26
Q

What happens at anal? (1-3 years) EGO

A

Anus. Pleasure gained from defecation (passing of faeces)

This is when a child is learning to control its impluses

27
Q

What is the consequence of unresolved conflict at anal?

A

Anal retentive

Anal expulsive

28
Q

What is phallic? (3-5 years)? SUPEREGO

A

Genitals.

Children become aware of gender differences

Oedipus/Electra complex

29
Q

Consequence of unresolved conflict of phallic stage?

A

Narcissism

Feeling of penis envy -men having a higher status then women

30
Q

What are the three main stages?

A
  • Oral (ID) (0-1 years)
  • Anal (EGO) (1-3 years)
  • Phallic stage (SUPEREGO) (3-5 years)
31
Q

What is latent stage? (5-11 years-PUBERTY)

A

Mastery of child’s world

Focuses on adjusting to its envnirnoment and acquring knowledge and skills needed as an adult

Sexual desires + past is repressed

32
Q

What is consequence of unresolved conflict of latent?

A

Fixation does not happen

33
Q

What happens at the genital stage? (PUBERTY -onwards)

A

Genitals

Adult derives pleasure from masturbation and sexual intercourse

At puberty, sexual drive from ID re-awakens and remainder of adult life dedicated to the pursuit of sex and sexual relationships

34
Q

What is the consequence of unresolved conflict of genital stage?

A

Fixation does not happen

Indicate well-adjusted adult

35
Q

Structure of outlining approach

A
  • Approach assumes
  • Model based on Freud - e.g overdeveloped superego
  • Childhood ego is not developed and unable to manage conflicting demands of id and superego, defence mechanisms
  • Development of the five psychosexual stages -personality progress
  • e.g eating disorder such as anorexia could be result being orally fixated in first stage
36
Q

Strength: Practical applications to the world

A
  • Freud introduced a new form of therapy called psychoanalysis. Designed to access the unconscious mind using a range of techniques such as hypnosis and dream analysis
  • Most suitable for individuals suffering from mild neuroses but criticized as inappropriate for people with severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia
  • Psychoanalysis is the forerunner of many modern day psychotherapies and ‘talking cures’ that have since been established.
37
Q

Limitation based on psychic determinism

A
  • Explains all behavior as determined by unconscious conflict rooted in childhood
  • Even something as apparently random as ‘slip of tongue’ is driven by unconscious forces and has deep symbolic meaning
  • Extreme determinist stance and suggests free will may have no influence on behaviour
38
Q

Strength approach has explanatory power

A
  • Although Freud’s theory is controversial and often bizarre and has a huge influence on Western contemporary thought
  • Used to explain a wide range of behaviors (moral mental disorders) and drew attention to the influence of childhood on adult personality
  • Alongside behaviourism, it was the dominant approach in psychology for the first half of the twentieh century.
39
Q

Limitation of approach - includes lots of untestable concepts

A
  • Karl Popper (philosopher of science) argued that the psychodynamic approach does not meet scientific criteria of falsification in the sense it cannot be proved or disproved
  • Many of Freud’s concepts such as Id, or Oedipus complex occur at unconscious level making it difficult if not impossible to test
  • Affords psychodynamic theory status of pseduo science than real science
40
Q

What is Oedipus complex?

A

Phallic stage

Little boys develop incestuos feelings towards mother and muderous hatred for father

Later boys repress their feelings for mother and identify with father, taking on his gender and moral values

Girls of same age experience penis envy

AQA Psychology - Approaches to Psychology (8 decks)

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